The journal einstein (São Paulo) – e-ISSN 2317-6385 is dedicated to dissemination of high-quality scientific content that advances our understanding of human disease with the goal of improving prevention, care, diagnostics and treatment of patients globally.
Persistent challenges in robotic thoracic surgery training
Despite these advances, several challenges remain in the education of robotic thoracic surgery, which are particularly pronounced in emerging economies.
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The future of robotic thoracic surgery education: experience, challenges, and opportunities
TerraRM. The future of robotic thoracic surgery education: experience, challenges, and opportunities. einstein (Sao Paulo). 2025;23(Suppl 1):eEDS1. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2025EDS1
Terra,Ricardo Mingarini. The future of robotic thoracic surgery education: experience, challenges, and opportunities. einstein (Sao Paulo)., v. 23, n. Suppl 1, eEDS1, Jun. 2025. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2025EDS1
Terra,R.M. (2025). The future of robotic thoracic surgery education: experience, challenges, and opportunities. einstein (Sao Paulo).,23(Suppl 1), eEDS1. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2025EDS1
Terra,Ricardo Mingarini. The future of robotic thoracic surgery education: experience, challenges, and opportunities. einstein (Sao Paulo). [online]. 2025, vol. 23, n. Suppl 1, [cited 2025-09-05], eEDS1. Available from: <https://journal.einstein.br/article/the-future-of-robotic-thoracic-surgery-education-experience-challenges-and-opportunities/>. ISSN 1679-4508. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2025EDS1
Figure 5
Risk of bias assessment of non-RCTs using the ROBINS-I tool
Non-RCT, nonrandomized controlled trial; ROBINS-I, Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions
