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Cholera is a well-known disease, caused by the toxin of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and has resulted in severe problems to the health systems of African countries, over the years, even after more than 50 years after its resurgence, in 1970. Among the nearly 1.4 to 4.0 million cases, and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths per year worldwide, most of the burden occurs in African countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.()
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Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy
ÇavdaroğluS, AktarI, HasanMM, CostaACS, AborodeAT, AhmadS, EssarMY. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2022;20:eCE6938. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,Sude; Aktar,Irem; Hasan,Mohammad Mehedi; Costa,Ana Carla dos Santos; Aborode,Abdullahi Tunde; Ahmad,Shoaib; Essar,Mohammad Yasir. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo)., v. 20, eCE6938, Apr. 2022. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,S., Aktar,I., Hasan,M.M., Costa,A.C.S., Aborode,A.T., Ahmad,S., & Essar,M.Y. (2022). Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo).,20, eCE6938. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,Sude and Aktar,Irem and Hasan,Mohammad Mehedi and Costa,Ana Carla dos Santos and Aborode,Abdullahi Tunde and Ahmad,Shoaib and Essar,Mohammad Yasir. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo). [online]. 2022, vol. 20, [cited 2026-06-28], eCE6938. Available from: <https://journal.einstein.br/article/cholera-amidst-covid-19-pandemic-african-healthcare-system-in-jeopardy/>. ISSN 1679-4508. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Figure 5
DNA triple helix (triplex) structures. A) Three-dimensional view of an intramolecular DNA triplex solved by solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (PDB ID: 1BCB). The structure was deposited by Asensio et al. (1998) and classified as DNA without mutations.(20) This triple helical arrangement illustrates the association of a third strand with the canonical duplex, stabilized by Hoogsteen interactions. B) Simplified schematic (adapted from Brazda et al., 2020; and Holder et al., 2015) illustrating the principle of triplex formation.(22,23) The canonical duplex is stabilized by Watson–Crick base pairs, while the third strand binds in the major groove via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. The chemical structure shown in green corresponds to adenine from the third strand, forming a representative T·A·T triad with a Watson–Crick A·T base pair. Such alternative base-pairing interactions enable an additional strand to associate with duplex DNA through Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, generating a triple-helical structure capable of modulating essential processes such as replication and transcription
