The journal einstein (São Paulo) – e-ISSN 2317-6385 is dedicated to dissemination of high-quality scientific content that advances our understanding of human disease with the goal of improving prevention, care, diagnostics and treatment of patients globally.
Cholera is a well-known disease, caused by the toxin of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, and has resulted in severe problems to the health systems of African countries, over the years, even after more than 50 years after its resurgence, in 1970. Among the nearly 1.4 to 4.0 million cases, and 21,000 to 143,000 deaths per year worldwide, most of the burden occurs in African countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.()
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Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy
ÇavdaroğluS, AktarI, HasanMM, CostaACS, AborodeAT, AhmadS, EssarMY. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2022;20:eCE6938. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,Sude; Aktar,Irem; Hasan,Mohammad Mehedi; Costa,Ana Carla dos Santos; Aborode,Abdullahi Tunde; Ahmad,Shoaib; Essar,Mohammad Yasir. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo)., v. 20, eCE6938, Apr. 2022. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,S., Aktar,I., Hasan,M.M., Costa,A.C.S., Aborode,A.T., Ahmad,S., & Essar,M.Y. (2022). Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo).,20, eCE6938. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Çavdaroğlu,Sude and Aktar,Irem and Hasan,Mohammad Mehedi and Costa,Ana Carla dos Santos and Aborode,Abdullahi Tunde and Ahmad,Shoaib and Essar,Mohammad Yasir. Cholera amidst COVID-19 pandemic: African healthcare system in jeopardy. Einstein (Sao Paulo). [online]. 2022, vol. 20, [cited 2026-08-17], eCE6938. Available from: <https://journal.einstein.br/article/cholera-amidst-covid-19-pandemic-african-healthcare-system-in-jeopardy/>. ISSN 1679-4508. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2022CE6938
Figure 2
Clinical case illustrating the prevention of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a patient reporting pain in the left mandibular second molar using zoledronic acid every 6 months for 2 years for osteoporosis. (A) Initial clinical view of the tooth scheduled for extraction. B) Intraoperative view after tooth extraction. (C) Application of methylene blue as a pre-irradiation step for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Approximately 1mL of the solution was applied to the extraction socket (100µg/mL) for 1 min. (D) Application of 660nm red light to the socket (100mW; 6J/point). (E) Clinical outcome 2 weeks after tooth extraction. (F) Clinical outcome 8 weeks after surgery, showing complete healing with complete soft tissue covering