Highlights Twenty-eight cases of bladder squamous cell carcinoma cases were evaluated for p16, p53, p63 immunohistochemistry, and HPV PCR. Neither direct HPV detection nor its indirect marker (p16) was identified in most cases. Decision trees constructed described the relationships of a variety of clinicopathological features with high classification accuracy.   ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the expression of human papillomavirus (HPV), p16, p53, and p63 in non-schistosomiasis-related squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and to develop an accurate and automated tool […]