einstein (São Paulo). 22/abr/2025;23:eRW1222.

Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes: a scoping review

Carlos Antonio , Rebecca Zerbinatti , Livia Domingos de Moraes Pimentel , Ylana Walleska Santos , Aline Kimmy Ikemoto , Vitor Casoto de , Miguel Luz Vilela Engel , Marilia de Brito

DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2025RW1222

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

This scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool to ensure methodological rigor. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant literature published between 2018 and 2023.

Results

Twenty-four studies were included, mostly single-center studies from six continents, with varying study designs: 16 cross-sectional, seven retrospective, and one prospective cohort. The most prevalent autoimmune diseases found among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus enrolled in these studies were autoimmune thyroiditis (5.5-41.2%), celiac disease (0.45-24.8%), rheumatoid arthritis (0.4-5.1%), and primary adrenal insufficiency (0.6-2.6%).

Conclusion

Autoimmune thyroiditis and celiac disease were the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. As the complexity of managing type 1 diabetes mellitus increases in the presence of multiple autoimmune comorbidities, further studies are required to elucidate the relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus and different autoimmune pathologies. A deeper understanding of these associations will guide the development of public health policies, screening strategies, and educational initiatives tailored to the specific needs of this population.

Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes: a scoping review
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