ABSTRACT

einstein (Sao Paulo)

eins

einstein (São Paulo)

1679-4508 2317-6385

Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein

10.31744/einstein_journal/2026RW1855

01411

Review

Outcomes and other characteristics of the nutritional screening and assessment tools validation processes in hospitalized adults: a systematic review

0000-0003-3485-5819

Bergamasco

Giovanna Guimarães Lopes

¹ study design data organization data interpretation manuscript edition discussion the results read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0009-0009-4412-2126

Lima

Bruna Rodrigues

¹ data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0009-0005-2540-9544

Araújo

Kadine Andrade de

² data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0000-0002-4633-8491

Martins

Nicolly Baião

¹ data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0000-0002-4107-3463

Piovacari

Silvia Maria Fraga

¹ manuscript edition discussion the results read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0000-0002-4065-061X

Shima

Mayumi

¹ data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0000-0003-2100-2374

Bottairi

Drielle Schweiger Freitas

¹ data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0009-0002-5326-9452

Ferreira

Samara Cristina Mascarenhas

² data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0009-0008-8968-4686

de Cerqueira

Zelita Melo Fortes

² data interpretation read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript

0000-0002-3528-3800

Pereira

Adriano José

³ ⁴ study design manuscript edition discussion the results general supervision and mentorship read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript 1 Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Clinical Nutritional Department

São Paulo

Brazil Clinical Nutritional Department, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2 Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein

São Paulo

Brazil Postgraduate Students, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 3 Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein

São Paulo

Brazil Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 4 Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein E-GATE (Einstein-Global Advanced Technologies for Equity)

São Paulo

Brazil E-GATE (Einstein-Global Advanced Technologies for Equity), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Corresponding Author: Adriano José Pereira Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701 – Morumbi Zip code: 05652-000 – São Paulo, SP, Brazil Phone: (55 11) 2151-1500 E-mail adriano.pereira2@einstein.br Associate Editor:

Claudio Roberto Cernea Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5899-0535

27 04 2026

2026

eRW1855

23 06 2025 21 08 2025

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

ABSTRACT Background:

Hospital malnutrition has been studied for decades; however, its prevalence remains high, and research in this area is still relevant. Nutritional screening and assessment tools are routinely used in hospital settings.

Objective:

We aimed to describe and discuss the general characteristics of studies that used nutritional screening and assessment instruments in hospitalized adult populations, with a focus on clinical outcomes.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic review without meta-analysis. Eligible studies were original prospective or retrospective studies published in Portuguese or English, with no inception date, conducted in hospitalized adult populations, and reporting clinical outcomes. Information sources included PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus. The search covered articles published up to July 2022. Risk of bias was assessed for all included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Results presented in the tables were transcribed from the main findings of each evaluated study, and no new statistical analyses were performed.

Results:

Seventy-seven studies were included, encompassing 20 tools evaluated in hospital settings. The Mini Nutritional Assessment was the most extensively tested in relation to clinical outcomes. Among studies conducted in Brazilian populations, the nutritional assessment tool Subjective Global Assessment and the screening tool Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 were the most frequently studied. Among full-text articles assessed for tool evaluation in hospitals, 77% were excluded because clinical outcomes were not reported.

Discussion:

The evidence has some limitations. First, the exclusive focus on hospitalized populations may limit generalizability. Second, validation studies that did not evaluate clinical outcomes were not described in detail. Third, the use of "clinical outcomes" as a search term may have led to an underestimation of validation studies focusing solely on diagnostic or screening performance. Overall, nutritional screening and assessment tools commonly used in daily practice have been validated many years ago, largely based on subjective clinical assessments, with relatively few studies reporting clinical outcomes. In addition, most studies were single-center and conducted predominantly in non–Latin American populations. Future research should prioritize multicenter designs, improve population representativeness, and incorporate clinically relevant outcomes.

Prospero database registration:

ID CRD42022347507.

Keywords: Nutrition assessment Malnutrition Risk factors Screening

INTRODUCTION

Hospital malnutrition has been studied for decades; however, its prevalence remains high, highlighting the continued importance of research in this field.^(1,2) Hospital malnutrition is associated with poor prognosis, a high risk of complications, functional impairment, increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and high readmission rates.⁽³⁾ In addition, malnutrition imposes a substantial economic burden on healthcare systems.^(4,5)

Nutritional screening is an essential first step in identifying patients at nutritional risk and should be performed at hospital admission by nutritionists or other healthcare professionals.^(6-9) Screening should be quick and straightforward and can be completed by any trained healthcare professional within 24–48 hours of admission.^(6-9) Patients identified as being at nutritional risk should then undergo a comprehensive nutritional assessment; those not at risk may be rescreened within 7 days. Despite their clinical importance, many nutritional screening tools currently in use were validated approximately two decades ago.^(10-12)

Nutritional assessment is a systematic and comprehensive process that integrates nutritional and clinical information and provides the basis for planning nutrition interventions.^(13,14) In hospital practice, validated tools are commonly used for assessment, although they are often regarded as semi–gold standards.^(13,14) Key limitations include the lack of a single standard tool and heterogeneity in assessed parameters, validation methods, and reported outcomes, which may contribute to misclassification of malnutrition.^(14,15)Notably, some widely used nutritional tools were originally validated in retrospective studies and/or relied primarily on subjective parameters or laboratory tests.^(12,16)

OBJECTIVE

We aim to describe and discuss the general characteristics of studies that validated nutritional screening and assessment instruments in hospitalized adult populations, with a focus on clinical outcomes.

METHODS

This systematic review was conducted without meta-analysis and was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.⁽¹⁷⁾

Eligibility criteria

We included original prospective or retrospective studies published in Portuguese or English, with no restriction on inception date, conducted in hospitalized adult human populations, and reporting clinical outcomes. We excluded reviews, editorials, and case reports.

Information sources

We searched PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus for articles published up to July 2022.

Search strategy

The main search strategy used in this review (initiated with a PubMed/MEDLINE search) is described below: (((("malnutrition"[MeSH Terms]) AND ((("mass screening"[MeSH Terms]) OR ("nutrition assessment"[MeSH Terms])))) AND (("physical functional performance"[MeSH Terms]) OR ("treatment outcome"[MeSH Terms]))) OR ((((((((("mass screening"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("nutrition assessment"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("nutritional risk screening"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("mini nutritional assessment short form"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("sga"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("subjective global assessment"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("mini nutritional assessment"[Title/Abstract])) AND ((("malnutrition"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("malnourish"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("malnourished"[Title/Abstract]))) AND (("physical functional performance"[Title/Abstract]) OR ("functionality"[Title/Abstract])))) OR ((((((((("mass screening"[Text Word]) OR ("nutrition assessment"[Text Word])) OR ("nutritional risk screening"[Text Word])) OR ("mini nutritional assessment short form"[Text Word])) OR ("sga"[Text Word])) OR ("subjective global assessment"[Text Word])) OR ("mini nutritional assessment"[Text Word])) AND ((("malnutrition"[Text Word]) OR ("malnourish"[Text Word])) OR ("malnourished"[Text Word]))) AND (("physical functional performance"[Text Word]) OR ("functionality"[Text Word]))).

Selection process

Three independent researchers systematically identified studies, with support from a librarian from the Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein. Study selection was managed using Rayyan (Cambridge, MA, USA; 2023).⁽¹⁸⁾ Titles and abstracts were screened against the inclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved through reassessment and discussion in a formal consensus meeting.

Data collection process and data items

For studies included in the full-text analysis, we extracted the following information: country, study design, population, place of hospitalization, diagnosis, tool(s) evaluated, comparators, number of centers, inclusion criteria, sample size, outcomes/metrics, and main results. Data were transcribed directly from the included articles to minimize interpretation bias. Study design (prospective vs retrospective) was not always explicitly reported; in such cases, we classified design based on the described methodology for the purposes of tabulation. When variables were not clearly reported, they were recorded as "not specified."

Study risk bias, reporting bias, and certainty assessment

Risk of bias was assessed for all included studies using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. A calibration meeting was held before assessment to standardize interpretation of each domain. Five authors conducted the assessments independently, and two authors subsequently reviewed all ratings in full, including one reviewer who had not participated in the initial assessments. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. All authors reviewed the final report after manuscript completion.

Effect measures

Because the data were not suitable for meta-analysis, only descriptive analyses were performed.

Synthesis methods

We verified eligibility by confirming study design, publication language, and population characteristics (human adults hospitalized in a hospital setting) based on the Methods sections of the included articles. The results presented in the tables were transcribed from the main findings of each evaluated study, and no new statistical analyses were performed. References were managed using Mendeley (Mendeley Ltd., United Kingdom; version 2.80.1; 2022).

RESULTS Study selection

A total of 2,140 articles were found by the search strategy. After peer analysis and evaluation, 77 studies were included in the final analysis. Figure 1 provides the flowchart of article selection and the reasons for exclusions.

Figure 1 PRISMA flow diagram of study selection Study characteristics

Among the articles eligible for the evaluation of nutritional tools, 77% were excluded from the analysis because clinical outcomes were not considered in any of the analyses. The results below detail the 77 studies included because they used clinical outcomes in testing nutritional tools.

The included studies involved populations from 31 countries. Twenty-one studies (28%) had a prospective observational design, and 19 (25%) were prospective cohort studies. Overall, 77% were conducted in single-center settings, while 18% were multicenter studies. In 30 studies, only populations aged >60 years were evaluated. Most studies included clinical and surgical patients (90%).

Regarding outcomes, 51 studies (66%) assessed mortality, and 34 assessed length of hospital stay (44%). Functional outcomes, such as frailty and functional capacity, were evaluated in only six studies (8%).

Overall, 20 tools were tested in the hospital setting: Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF), Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), Modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (m-NUTRIC), Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC), Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), Malnutrition-related Complications Score (MCRS), Automated Nutrition Score (ANS), Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT), Onodera's Prognostic Nutritional Index (O-PNI), Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ), Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (HFR-TNP), 3-Minute Nutrition Screening (3-MinNS), European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Diagnostic Criteria for Malnutrition (ESPEN-DCM), and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics-European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Criteria (AND-ESPEN). Studies evaluating the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria in combination with tools were also included.

Risk of bias in studies:

Risk of bias is summarized in figure 2 and presented by article in figure 3. Overall, approximately 30% of studies were rated as low risk of bias, 45% as some concerns, and 25% as high risk.

Figure 2 Summary of risk of bias for each domain and overall risk in the included studies assessed using QUADAS-2 Figure 3 Risk of bias summary for each included study assessed using QUADAS-2 Results of individual studies:

The comprehensive analysis of the retrieved articles is presented in table 1. Table 2 provides a summary of the tools discussed, along with their respective outcomes.

Table 1 Characteristics and main results of the included studies

Article	Country	Study design	Population	Population: place of hospitalization	Population; Diagnosis	Tool	Comparator	Center	Inclusion criteria	Sample size	Outcome	Main results
Gioulbasanis et al.⁽²⁰⁾ 2011	Greece	Retrospective, observational study	Metastatic lung cancer prior to commencement of systemic therapy	Clinical	Oncological	MNA	≥5% weight loss (independent variable)	Single-center	>18 years	171	Prognostic prediction: time to disease progression and overall survival	The MNA better predicts all evaluated outcomes. Malnourished individuals identified by MNA exhibit a reduced average survival of 2.07 months
Majari et al.⁽²¹⁾ 2021	Iran	Prospective cohort study	Critically ill patients	ICU	Neurological; gastrointestinal/ hepatic; cardiac; malignant diseases	MUST	M-NUTRIC and NRS 2002	Multicenter	>18 years	440	Length of hospital stay; duration of mechanical ventilation; 28-day mortality	No association between M-NUTRIC or NRS scores and evaluated outcomes
Helminen et al.⁽²²⁾ 2017	Finland	Prospective cohort study	Elderly individuals with hip fracture	Surgical	Hip fracture	MNA-SF	MNA complete	Single-center	≥65 years	594	Mobility at 1 and 4 months; quality of life at 1 year; mortality at 1 and 4 months and at 1 year after fracture	Both tools predicted mortality at all timepoints and predicted mobility and quality of life at 4 months
Goldfarb et al.⁽²³⁾ 2018	Canada, USA, and France	Prospective cohort study	Elderly individuals undergoing cardiovascular surgery	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	MNA-SF	N/A	Multicenter	≥70 years	1,158	1-year mortality; 30-day mortality and morbidity; frailty	Patients classified as malnourished by MNA had a threefold higher risk of 1-year mortality. A moderate association was observed between MNA score and frailty (SPPB)
Chu et al.⁽²⁴⁾ 2017	China	Prospective observational study	Elderly individuals undergoing elective orthopedic surgery	Surgical	Orthopedic	MNA-SF	N/A	Single-center	≥60 years	312	Mortality at 12 Months Hospital Readmission, Emergency Department Visits, and Functionality	Lower MNA-SF scores associated with increased emergency department visits at 6 months and higher mortality at 12 months. No association was observed with hospital readmission or functional decline. Each 1-point increase in MNA score was associated with a 27% decrease in mortality risk
Hersberger et al.⁽²⁵⁾ 2020	Switzerland	Retrospective observational study	Medical inpatient units	Clinical	Mixed hospital population	NRS 2002	n/a	Multicenter	Adults with NRS ≥3 points and expected LOS >4 days	2,028	Mortality at 30 to 180 days ICU admission, hospital readmission and complications at 30 to 180 days	NRS is an independent predictor of mortality and incidence of adverse events at 180 days. NRS 2002 is associated with an ↑ average length of hospital stays
Holst et al.⁽²⁶⁾ 2013	Denmark and Sweden	Prospective cohort study	Hospitalized elderly individuals	Clinical/Surgical	Gastrointestinal and neurological diseases; orthopedic	MNA, MUST, and NRS 2002	Anthropometry and Cognitive Test (SPMSQ)	Multicenter	>65 years	233	12-month mortality; anthropometric assessment	No significant association between the three tools and mortality
Dent et al.⁽²⁷⁾ 2014	Australia	Cross-sectional study	Hospitalized elderly individuals in the geriatric ward	Clinical	Uninformed	GNRI, MNA e MNA-SF	Incorporation of calf circumference or BMI into the tools	Single-center	Elderly	172	6-month mortality; readmission/transfer to higher level of care	Full MNA and GNRI predicted adverse outcomes at 6 months better than the MNA-SF versions
Gattermann al.⁽²⁸⁾ 2019	Brazil	Prospective observational study	Critically ill surgical patients	ICU	Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular surgeries	SGA	Clinical assessment	Single-center	≥18 years	76	In-hospital mortality; Hospital LOS; ICU LOS	No significant correlation was observed with mortality. Patients classified as malnourished by SGA had a 2.5-fold higher risk of longer hospitalization
Mahmoudinezhad et al.⁽²⁹⁾ 2021	Iran	Prospective cross-sectional study	Stroke and LOS >48 h.	Clinical	Neurologic	SGA	N/A	Multicenter	≥65 years	349	Functional capacity	A significant association was observed between ≥3 levels of disability and SGA
da Silva et al.⁽³⁰⁾ 2018	Brazil	Prospective observational study	Patients admitted to the emergency department	Clinical	Mixed hospital population	ESPEN-DCM	SGA, MUST, NRS 2002, SNAQ, and MST	Single-center	≥18 years	750	LOS; incidence of hospital-acquired infection; in-hospital mortality	NRS 2002 showed a better correlation with mortality. ESPEN-DCM had low diagnostic value but performed better when combined with NRS for prognostic prediction
Huang et al.⁽³¹⁾ 2021	China	Prospective cohort study	Cancer patients undergoing radical gastrectomy	Surgical	Oncological	GLIM (screened with NRS 2002)	Isolated criteria vs combination (1 phenotypic + 2 etiological factors)	Single-center	≥65 years	597	Overall survival; disease-free survival	The combined GLIM criteria outperformed isolated factors and was significantly associated with overall and disease-free survival
Coltman et al.⁽³²⁾ 2015	USA	Prospective observational study	Patients admitted to medical, surgical, and neurology intensive care units	ICU	Clinical and surgical diagnoses	Regional Institutional Nutritional Screening Tool	SGA and NUTRIC	Single-center	≥18 years	294	LOS ICU mortality	NUTRIC, alone or in combination, improved the identification of mortality risk. The tools did not predict risk in patients with a long LOS, suggesting limited suitability for this population
Honda et al.⁽³³⁾ 2016	Japan	Prospective cohort study	Patients with acute heart failure	Clinical	Cardiovascular disease	GNRI	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	490	Mortality (cardiovascular and all-cause)	GNRI was an independent predictor of adverse events in patients with acute heart failure
Slee et al.⁽³⁴⁾ 2016	UK	Retrospective cohort study	Frail elderly individuals receiving nutrition orally or via a feeding tube.	Clinical	Not specified	MUST	MNA-SF	Single-center	>65 years	78	Mortality; LOS	MNA-SF was a significant predictor of mortality, whereas MUST showed a weak association
Smith et al.⁽³⁵⁾ 2009	Australia	Prospective cohort study	Surgical inpatients	Surgical	Gastrointestinal diseases	SGA	MRCS and ANS	Single-center	Not specified	148	Risk of postoperative complications	MRCS had a higher predictive value for postoperative complications than SGA
Sorensen et al.⁽³⁶⁾ 2008	Denmark	Prospective cohort study	Hospitalized adults	Clinical/Surgical	Gastrointestinal diseases, oncological; critical care	NRS 2002	N/A	Multicenter	≥18 years	5,051	Hospital complications; mortality; LOS	NRS 2002 was an independent predictor of all evaluated outcomes
Sungurtekin et al.⁽³⁷⁾ 2008	Turkey	Prospective observational study	Critically ill adults	ICU	Surgical	SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	124	ICU mortality; ICU LOS	SGA was able to predict the evaluated outcomes
Takahashi et al.⁽³⁸⁾ 2021	Japan	Retrospective cohort study	Patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer	Surgical	Oncological	GNRI	PNI and CONUT	Single-center	Not specified	475	Overall Survival Postoperative Complication	PNI, CONUT, and GNRI showed high predictive value for the evaluated outcomes
Takaoka et al.⁽³⁹⁾ 2017	Japan	Retrospective observational study	Patients with crohn's disease admitted to gastroenterology	Clinical	Gastrointestinal Diseases	SGA	NRS 2002, O-PNI, MUST and CONUT	Single-center	Not specified	40	LOS >28 days	All tested tools, except for MUST, were associated with length of stay. SGA was able to predict the studied outcomes
Tangvik et al.⁽⁴⁰⁾ 2014	Norway	Prospective observational study	Inpatients	Clinical/Surgical/ICU	Uninformed	NRS 2002	Adapted NRS 2002 (using only the first four questions)	Single-center	≥18 years	3,279	Mortality; morbidity; readmission	The adapted NRS proved to be a strong predictor of the evaluated outcomes
van Venrooij et al.⁽⁴¹⁾ 2011	Netherlands	Cohort study	Patients undergoing coronary artery graft surgery admitted to the cardiothoracic surgical ward	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	MUST	MUST modified for cardiovascular cirurgical and SNAQ	Single-center	≥18 years	325	Adverse postoperative outcomes	Modified MUST for cardiac surgery was associated with longer ICU and hospital stays
Watanabe et al.⁽⁴²⁾ 2021	Japan	Retrospective observational study	Elderly people with renal cell cancer	Surgical	Oncological	GNRI	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	62	Postoperative complications	Patients with postoperative complications had significantly lower GNRI values
Wu et al.⁽⁴³⁾ 2010	China	Prospective observational study	Patients with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancer (without metastasis) undergoing surgery	Surgical	Oncological	SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	505	LOS complications and hospital cost prediction	SGA classification was significantly associated with LOS and costs but not with complications
Wu et al.⁽⁴⁴⁾ 2020	China	Prospective observational study	Patients with cirrhosis without liver cancer or uncontrolled comorbid disease	Clinical	Liver diseases	HFR-TNP	NRS, MUST, and HFR-TNP	Single-center	Adults	155	Mortality	MUST showed lower sensitivity. HFR-TNP predicted outcomes better than NRS 2002
Xiao et al.⁽⁴⁵⁾ 2022	China	Retrospective observational study	Patients undergoing radical gastrectomy	Surgical	Oncological	CONUT	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	106	Postoperative complications; quality of life; overall survival	CONUT was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications and quality of life. Higher CONUT scores were associated with shorter survival
Xu et al.⁽⁴⁶⁾ 2022	China	Retrospective cohort study	Patients with primary gastric adenocarcinoma before surgery	Surgical	Oncological	GLIM	Phenotypic criteria	Single-center	Not specified	1,188	Survival time; postoperative complication	Weight loss showed the strongest correlation with survival and complications. Greater weight loss and low muscle mass (tomography) were associated with worse outcomes
Xu et al.⁽⁴⁷⁾ 2022	China	Retrospective analytics study	Patients with gastric cancer undergoing radical gastrectomy	Surgical	Oncological	GLIM with MUST screening score ≥1	SGA	Single-center	Not specified	895	Postoperative complications at 1 month; In-hospital mortality; LOS readmission; mortality	GLIM criteria showed a moderate association with SGA. Patients classified as malnourished by GLIM were predictors of survival and complications
Yu et al.⁽⁴⁸⁾ 2021	China	Retrospective observational study	Patients with cardiovascular disease(acute coronary syndrome)	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	NRS-2002	N/A	Multicenter	Not specified	3,185	Mortality	NRS ≥3 points associated with mortality and the incidence of acute kidney disease in patients with ACS
Zhang et al.⁽⁴⁹⁾ 2021	China	Prospective observational study	Patients with cardiovascular disease and primary diagnosis of stroke	Clinical	Cardiovascular and neurological diseases	ESPEN-DCM	CONUT GNRI, MUST and NRS-2002	Multicenter	≥18 years	593	Mortality at 3 and 12 months after discharge; functional capacity (mRS)	NRS 2002 had better predictive value for mortality at 3 and 12 months. NRS-2002 and MUST were significantly associated with mRS at 12 months after discharge
Chávez-Tostado et al.⁽⁵⁰⁾ 2020	Mexico	Prospective cross-sectional study	Patients hospitalized with gastrointestinal disease(excluding ICU)	Clinical	Gastrointestinal disease	NRS-2002, SGA e CONUT	N/A	Single-center	18-90 years	196	LOS; complications; mortality	CONUT was the only tool to predict complications. None of the tools predicted mortality
Charlton et al.⁽⁵¹⁾ 2012	Australia	Retrospective observational study	hospitalized	Clinical	Uninformed	MNA	N/A	Multicenter	>65 years	2,076	Readmission; LOS; mortality	Nutritional status assessed by MNA at admission was correlated with LOS
Burgel et al.⁽⁵²⁾ 2021	Brazil	Prospective observational study	hospitalized, expect icu	Clinical/Surgical	Uninformed	AND-ASPEN	SGA	Multicenter	≥18 years	600	Mortality; readmission; LOS	AND-ASPEN predicted an approximately 1.4-fold greater risk of prolonged hospitalization and hospital readmission. In addition to identifying a 5.0 times. higher risk of death in hospital and within 6 months, in an adjusted analysis
Bell et al.⁽⁵³⁾ 2014	Australia	Accuracy study	hip fracture	Surgical	Hip fracture	MNA-SF	CID-10AM (malnutrition)	Single-center	Elderly	142	Postoperative mobility; mortality; home discharge	MNA-SF predicts probability of home discharge and mortality within 4 months, but not reduction in postoperative mobility
Atalay et al.⁽⁵⁴⁾ 2008	Turkey	Retrospective observational study	critically ill elderly hospitalized with enteral and parenteral nutritional therapy	Clinical	Neurological, cardiovascular and oncological diseases	SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	119	Mortality; LOS	SGA classification did not influence the mortality rate
Almendra et al.⁽⁵⁵⁾ 2022	Brazil	Retrospective observational study	elderly	Clinical	Gastrointestinal, renal and oncological diseases	MNA	NRS-2002 and MNA	Single-center	≥65 years	277	LOS	MNA was the tool associated with length of hospital stay
Almasaudi et al.⁽⁵⁶⁾ 2019	UK	Retrospective observational study	patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer	Surgical	Oncological	MUST	N/A	Single-center	Not defined	363	Postoperative complications; LOS; mortality	MUST demonstrated to be an independent marker for length of hospital stay, but not for complications Medium and high risk by MUST demonstrated higher mortality
Allepaerts et al.⁽⁵⁷⁾ 2020	Belgium	Prospective cross-sectional study	Patients admitted to geriatrics	Clinical	Neurological, oncological diseases	GLIM with MNA-SF screening	a phenotypic and an etiological criterion	Single-center	Eldery	79	1-year institutionalization; mortality	GLIM (one phenotypic and one etiological criterion) was associated with 1-year mortality
Alisgahari et al.⁽⁵⁸⁾ 2019	Iran	Cross-sectional study	Patients with ischemic stroke	Clinical	Neurological diseases	MNA	N/A	Multicenter	≥65 years	253	Biochemical and anthropometric parameters; LOS; mRS Performance	MNA was significantly associated with poor outcomes in this subgroup
Akimoto et al.⁽⁵⁹⁾ 2021	Japan	Retrospective observational study	Patients with ischemic stroke	Clinical	Neurological diseases	CONUT	GNRI	Single-center	≥65 years	218	Anthropometric parameters; LOS; mRS Performance	CONUT was associated with poorer prognosis, higher mRS scores, and more complications
Acarbaş⁽⁶⁰⁾ 2021	Turkey	Retrospective observational study	Patients undergoing spinal surgery	Surgical	Spinal surgery	PNI, CONUT and GNRI	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	454	Prediction of perioperative adverse events.	Higher CONUT scores (pre-surgical) were associated with adverse events. GNRI showed the greatest accuracy for this outcome
Abd-el-gawad et al.⁽⁶¹⁾ 2014	Egypt	Prospective cohort study	Patients admitted to geriatrics	Clinical	Not specified	MNA	GNRI	Single-center	≥60 years	131	LOS; Infection-related complications; mortality	GNRI was an independent predictor of mortality at 3 and 6 months
Abbass et al.⁽⁶²⁾ 2020	Scotland	Retrospective observational study	Patients with lung cancer prior to radiotherapy	Clinical	Oncologic	MUST	Modified frailty index (mFI)	Single-center	Not specified	643	Overall survival	MUST was independently associated with overall survival and was a prognostic indicator of 12-month survival
Aaldriks et al.⁽⁶³⁾ 2013	Netherland	Prospective observational study	Patietns with colorectal cancer prior to chemotherapy	Clinical	Oncologic	MNA	Cognitive decline, frailty and mental status questionnaires	Multicenter	≥70 years	143	Mortality	MNA was associated with mortality and predicted poor tolerance of chemotherapy cycles
Lomivorotov et al.⁽⁶⁴⁾ 2013	Russia	Prospective observational study	Patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	SGA, NRS-2002, MUST, MNA-SF and SNAQ	N/A	Single-center	Adults	1,193	Mortality; postoperative complications; LOS; ICU LOS	Only MUST and MNA-SF were independent predictors of postoperative complications. SNAQ, MUST, and MNA predicted prolonged hospitalization
Lin et al.⁽⁶⁵⁾ 2021	China	Retrospective observational study	Patients with tuberculosis	Clinical	Tuberculosis	PG-SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	128	Mortality Liver injury	High PG-SGA scores were independently associated with mortality and liver injury
Huang et al.⁽⁶⁶⁾ 2021	China	Prospective observational study	Overweight patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer	Surgical	Oncologic	GLIM	Addition of muscle strength and gait speed variables	Single-center	Not specified	587	Postoperative complications Mortality	Adding muscle quality (tomography), strength (handgrip), and gait speed (6 m) to GLIM improved prediction of outcomes, with gait speed showing the strongest contribution
Hung et al.⁽⁶⁷⁾ 2021	Taiwan	Prospective cohort study	Patients with head and neck cancer undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy	Clinical	Oncologic	MNA-SF	N/A	Multicenter	≥20 years	461	Overall survival	MNA-SF was correlated with toxicity and adverse events and was associated with a lower hospital readmission rate
Inoue et al.⁽⁶⁸⁾ 2020	Japan	Retrospective cohort study	Patients undergoing elective endovascular thoracic aneurysm repair	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	CONUT	N/A	Single-center	Not specified	60	Overall survival; non-aneurysm-related mortality; prevalence of reinterventions	Malnutrition identified by CONUT was a negative predictor of survival prognosis
Inoue et al.⁽⁶⁹⁾ 2019	Japan	Retrospective observational study	Patients with hip fracture after fall undergoing surgical treatment	Surgical	Hip fracture	MNA-SF, MUST, NRS 2002 and GNRI	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	205	LOS; functional outcomes	MNA-SF showed a stronger association with functional outcomes. GNRI was significantly associated with walking speed (10 m). MUST and NRS 2002 were not associated with functional outcomes
Jayant et al.⁽⁷⁰⁾ 2020	India	Prospective observational study	Patients with an oncological diagnosis undergoing elective surgery	Surgical	Oncologic	MUST, SGA and NRI	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	342	LOS; postoperative complications within 30 days	SGA and MUST demonstrated good reliability for the evaluated outcomes
Jeejeebhoy et al.⁽⁷¹⁾ 2015	Canada	Cohort study prospective	Inpatients from medical and surgical clinics	Clinical/Surgical	Cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory diseases	NRS 2002	SGA	Multicenter	≥18 years	733	LOS; hospital readmission	SGA classification, especially category C, predicted length of hospital stay
Kalaiselvan et al.⁽⁷²⁾ 2017	India	Prospective observational study	ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation for >48 h	ICU	Respiratory failure, septic shock, neurological disorders,	m-NUTRIC	N/A	Single-center	Adults	678	ICU LOS; time off mechanical ventilation; mortality	Higher m-NUTRIC scores were associated with longer ICU stay and predicted mortality
Kang et al.⁽⁷³⁾ 2020	South Korea	Prospective observational study	Patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted within 7 days of symptom onset	Clinical	Neurological disease	GNRI	N/A	Single-center	Not specified	1,906	3-month prognosis after hospitalization (mRS)	Moderate and severe GNRI risk categories were associated with unfavorable outcomes
Katayama et al.⁽⁷⁴⁾ 2020	Japan	Retrospective observational study	Patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with rotational atherectomy	Surgical	Cardiovascular disease	GNRI	N/A	Single-center	Not specified	206	Major adverse cardiovascular events, including mortality	GNRI was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events
Komici et al.⁽⁷⁵⁾ 2019	Italy	Prospective observational study	Patients with acute myocardial infarction	ICU	Cardiovascular disease	MNA	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	174	Mortality	MNA results were an independent predictor of long-term mortality
Kootaka et al.⁽⁷⁶⁾ 2021	Japan	Retrospective cohort study	Patients with cardiovascular disease	Clinical	Cardiovascular disease	GLIM	ESPEN-DCM	Single-center	≥20 years	921	Mortality; physical performance	GLIM and ESPEN-DCM were significantly associated with mortality. However, only GLIM predicted low functionality
Koren-Hakim et al.⁽⁷⁷⁾ 2016	Israel	Prospective cohort study	Elderly patients with hip fracture undergoing surgery	Surgical	Hip fracture	MNA-SF; NRS 2002; MUST	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	215	LOS; postoperative complications; readmission within 6 months; mortality at 36 months	Only MNA-SF predicted readmissions and mortality
Lee et al.⁽⁷⁸⁾ 2021	Taiwan	Retrospective observational study	Patients with blood cultures positive for non-albicans candida species	Clinical	Candidiasis	MUST	N/A	Multicenter	Adults	378	28-day mortality	MUST ≥2 was independently associated with a higher risk of 28-day all-cause mortality
Lim et al ⁽⁷⁹⁾ 2014	Singapore	Prospective cohort study	Hospitalized patients (excluding psychiatric, ICU, and maternity)	Clinical	Not specified	3-MinNS	N/A	Single-center	Adults	818	LOS; hospital readmission; mortality	Higher 3-MinNS scores were associated with longer hospital stay and higher mortality at 1 and 3 years
Nascè et al.⁽⁸⁰⁾ 2021	Switzerland	Prospective cohort study	Patients with suspected pneumonia	Clinical	Suspected pneumonia	MNA	Geriatric and functionality assessment	Single-center	≥65 years	200	Mortality	MNA significantly predicted long-term mortality (1 year)
Nishioka et al.⁽⁸¹⁾ 2020	Japan	Cohort study prospective	Elderly people with stroke transferred from intensive care hospitals	Clinical	Neurological disease	ESPEN-DCM	MNA-SF, MUST and GNRI	Single-center	≥65 years	420	Functionality; Discharge destination	GNRI showed predictive validity for discharge destination. MNA-SF showed fair concurrent validity but required new cutoff points
Nuotio et al.⁽⁸²⁾ 2016	Finland	Prospective observational study	Patients in the perioperative period for hip fracture	Surgical	Hip fracture	MNA-SF	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	472	Institutionalization; mortality and morbidity	MNA-SF was an independent predictor of the main outcomes studied
Oliveira et al.⁽⁸³⁾ 2019	Brazil	Longitudinal study	Critical illy ill patients hospitalized fo at least 48 hours	ICU	Postoperative complications, septic shock, infection, heart problems, and gastrointestinal complications	m-NUTRIC	NUTRIC-PCR and SGA	Single-center	≥18 years	130	ICU LOS; 28-day mortality	Higher m-NUTRIC scores were associated with mortality. NUTRIC showed a positive association with SGA, With good agreement between m-NUTRIC and NUTRI-PCR
Ozkalkanli et al.⁽⁸⁴⁾ 2009	Turkey	Prospective study	Patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgeries hospitalized >2 days	Surgical	Orthopedic	SGA	NRS 2002	Single-center	≥18 years	256	Postoperative complications; mortality; LOS	NRS 2002 better predicted postoperative complications than SGA. No significant differences were observed between tools for the other outcomes
Barbosa et al.⁽⁸⁵⁾ 2010	Brazil	Prospective cohort study	adults hospitalized in the wards	Clinical	Not specified	NRS 2002, MNA-SF, MUST and SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	705	Complications; LOS; mortality	NRS and SGA better predict outcomes. SGA was more strongly associated with hospital LOS
Rabito et al.⁽⁸⁶⁾ 2017	Brazil	Prospective cohort study	hospitalized	Clinical	Gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and oncological diseases	NRS 2002	MUST, MST and SNAQ	Single-center	≥18 years	752	Morbidity Mortality	MUST showed greater identification of mortality risk (2.34-fold). All tools were sensitive for identifying prolonged hospitalization
Rasheedy et al.⁽⁸⁷⁾ 2020	Egypt	Cross-sectional study	hospitalized	Clinical	Not specified	MNA	GNRI	Single-center	≥60 years	150	Fragility; sarcopenia	GNRI showed greater accuracy for frailty than MNA. GNRI risk categories were significantly associated with lower muscle strength
Raslan et al.⁽⁸⁸⁾ 2010	Brazil	Prospective observational study	hospitalized	Clinical/Surgical	Metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, immunological diseases, and oncological diseases	NRS-2002, MNA-SF and MUST	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	706	Complications; LOS; mortality	NRS 2002 and MNA-SF predicted outcomes better overall; however, NRS 2002 showed the strongest performance
Raslan et al.⁽⁸⁹⁾ 2011	Brazil	Prospective observational study	hospitalized	Clinical/Surgical	Not specified	SGA e NRS 2002	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	705	Complications; LOS; mortality	Combining SGA and NRS 2002 improved reliability, and both were positively associated with the evaluated outcomes
Rodrigues et al.⁽⁹⁰⁾ 2015	Brazil	Retrospective cohort study	Patients with gynecological tumors	Clinical	Oncologic	PG-SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥18 years	146	Readmission; mortality	PG-SGA classification was consistent with the evaluated outcomes
Ruiz et al.⁽⁹¹⁾ 2018	Colombia	Prospective cohort study	Patients with heart and lung diseases	Clinical	Heart and lung diseases	MST	N/A	Multicenter	≥18 years	800	LOS Mortality Readmission Hospital costs	A positive MST (≥2 points) was associated with the evaluated adverse outcomes
Santos et al.⁽⁹²⁾ 2017	Brazil	Cross-sectional study	Oncology patients hospitalized for at least 3 days	Clinical	Oncologic	PG-SGA	N/A	Single-center	≥20 years	333	LOS Mortality	PG-SGA was an important marker of prolonged hospitalization and higher mortality
Sanz-París et al.⁽⁹³⁾ 2016	Spain	Prospective observational study	Patients with diabetes	Clinical	Diabetes	ESPEN-DCM	MNA-SF	Multicenter	≥65 years	1,014	LOS Mortality	An MNA score of 7 was associated with a 2.7-fold increase in in-hospital deaths
Söderström et al.⁽⁹⁴⁾ 2014	Sweden	Prospective cohort study	Older adults	Clinical/Surgical	Diabetes; neurological disorders; lung diseases; rheumatoid arthritis; kidney failure	MNA	N/A	Single-center	≥65 years	1,767	Mortality	MNA predicted premature mortality
Saseedharan⁽⁹⁵⁾ 2019	India	Prospective cohort study	Critically ill patients	ICU	Clinical and surgical	NUTRIC	SGA e NRS 2002	Single-center	N/A	348	Mortality LOS in ICU LOS	NRS 2002 and SGA correlated significantly with ICU LOS; NRS 2002 also correlated with overall hospital LOS. NUTRIC score was the best predictor of mortality
Zhao et al.⁽⁹⁶⁾ 2020	China	Observational retrospective cohort	Patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention	Surgical	Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome	GNRI	N/A	Single-center	N/A	2,299	Mortality; Non-fatal myocardial infarction; revascularization	Lower GNRI was a significant predictor of adverse prognosis

Table 2 Tools evaluated in the included studies and the evidence of positive outcomes associated with their use

Tools	Mortality	ICU mortality	Overall survival	LOS	ICU LOS	Hospital readmission	Bad prognosis	Bad outcomes	Postoperative complication	Mobility	Disability	Functional outcome	Treatment toxicity
MNA-SF	x			x		x		x	x	x		x	x
MNA full	x									x
NRS 2002	x			x			x		x
MUST	x		x	x					x
NUTRIC	x
m-NUTRIC	x				x
GNRI	x						x	x	x
SGA	x	x		x	x				x
PG-SGA	x			x		x
NUTRIC	x
MST								x
MCRS									x
CONUT			x				x				x
SNAQ				x
HFR-TNP	x
3-MinNS	x				x
ESPEN-DCM	x
ANS
PNI			x						x
O-PNI				x
AND-ESPEN	x					x

ICU: Intensive Care Unit; LOS: Length of Stay; MNA-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form; MNA full: Mini Nutritional Assessment; NRS 2002: Nutritional Risk Screening 2002; MUST: Malnutrition Universal Screening; m-NUTRIC: Modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill; GNRI: Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; SGA: Subjective Global Assessment; PG-SGA: Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment; NUTRIC: Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill; m-NUTRIC: Modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill MST- Malnutrition Screening Tool; MCRS: Malnutrition-related Complications; CONUT: Controlling Nutritional Status; SNAQ: Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire; HRF-TNP: Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool; 3-MinNS: 3-Minute Nutrition Screening; ESPEN-DCM: European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Diagnostic Criteria for Malnutrition; ANS: Automated Nutrition Score; PNI: Prognostic Nutritional Index; O-PNI: Onodera's Prognostic Nutritional Index; AND-ESPEN: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics- European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.

Results of syntheses

Results are presented below, highlighting clinical outcomes and the tested instruments.

The MNA and MNA-SF nutritional tools were studied in 21% of trials related to clinical outcomes,^{(20,24,27,53,67,75,80,82,94)} length of hospital stays,^(51,55) readmission,⁽⁷⁷⁾ postoperative complications,⁽⁶⁴⁾ functional outcomes,⁽⁶⁹⁾ and chemotherapy toxicity.⁽⁶³⁾ Notably, the MNA-SF screening tool demonstrated strong predictive value for mortality.^{(22-24,34,53,75,77,93)}

Other nutritional screening tools also demonstrated an association with mortality in the studies included: 8% NRS 2002,^{(25,30,36,48,49,88)} 5% MUST,^{(41,56,78,86)} 5% NUTRIC,^(32,72,95) 5% GNRI,^(33,61,68) 3% m-NUTRIC,^(72,83) HFR-TNP,⁽⁴⁴⁾ 1% AND-ESPEN,⁽⁵²⁾ 1%MST,⁽⁹¹⁾ 1% NRS modified,⁽⁴⁰⁾ and 1% 3-MinNS.⁽⁷⁹⁾

Regarding nutritional assessment tools, evidence of mortality prediction was found for 5% PG-SGA,^(65,90,92) 5% SGA,^(37,65,89) and 1%ESPEN-DCM.⁽⁷⁶⁾

In terms of hospital length of stay, the tools that demonstrated an association were 9% SGA,^{(28,37,39,43,71,85,95)} 3% MNA,^(51,64) 1% AND-ESPEN,⁽⁵²⁾ and 1% O-PNI⁽³⁹⁾ among the assessment tools; and 5% NRS 2002,^(39,88,95) 5% MUST,^(39,56,64) 3% MST,^(86,91) 1% MUST modified,⁽⁴¹⁾ 1%CONUT,⁽³⁹⁾ 1% 3-MinNS,⁽⁷⁹⁾ 1% SNAQ,⁽⁸⁶⁾ and 1% m-NUTRIC⁽⁷²⁾ among the screening tools.

CONUT demonstrated predictive value for postoperative complications, survival, performance, and quality of life across six studies.^{(38,45,50,59,60,68)} ANS was the only screening tool that did not show a positive relationship with clinical outcomes in the included studies.

Functional capacity was evaluated in four studies, with reported associations for MNA-SF,⁽⁶⁹⁾ SGA,⁽²⁹⁾ MUST,⁽⁴⁹⁾ and GNRI tools.⁽⁸⁷⁾

When stratifying the analysis for Latin populations, only 13 of the 77 studies (17%) were conducted in this subgroup, with 11 (14%) conducted in Brazil.

Of the Brazilian studies, only one was multicenter; the median sample size was 470 patients, and 7 studies were prospective. Mortality and hospital length of stay were the most frequently assessed outcomes. Among tools analyzed in Brazilian populations, SGA (assessment) and NRS 2002 (screening) were the most studied. In two studies,^(85,89) the combination of SGA and NRS 2002 provided more reliable results for length of hospital stay, complications, and mortality among hospitalized individuals.

Regarding tools commonly used in Brazilian hospitals, such as NRS 2002,⁽¹⁰⁾ MNA,⁽⁹⁷⁾ MNA-SF,⁽⁹⁸⁾ and SGA,⁽⁹⁹⁾ the original validation articles did not validate these tools based on clinical outcomes. Instead, they were validated using clinical parameters such as biochemical and clinical assessments, including both positive and negative studies on the impact of nutritional therapy. These articles were considered in the PRISMA flowchart under "Identification of studies via other methods."

Concerning GLIM, it is not a screening or nutritional assessment tool but rather a set of diagnostic criteria. Six articles evaluated different criteria,^{(31,46,47,57,66,76)} all within surgical or clinical populations. Of these, 83% were conducted in Asian populations and 83% in oncological patients. The median sample size was 711 patients, and all studies were single-center. Across studies, the initial screening tool varied (NRS 2002, MUST, MNA-SF, or ESPEN-DCM). The studies also differed in the number and combinations of GLIM variables tested and added to the initial parameters. In two studies, functional measures such as walking speed and handgrip strength were included.^(66,76) In one study that analyzed variables independently, weight loss showed the highest correlation with survival, and low muscle mass identified by tomography was associated with worse outcomes.⁽⁴⁶⁾

DISCUSSION

The included studies covered populations from 31 countries and were predominantly conducted in single-center settings. Across the included evidence, 20 nutritional screening and assessment tools were evaluated. Mortality was the most frequently assessed clinical outcome, whereas hospital readmission was the least frequently reported. Overall, MNA/MNA-SF appeared to be associated with the broadest range of favorable clinical endpoints. When considering mortality specifically, MNA and NRS 2002 were most consistently associated with mortality risk. Among nutritional assessment tools, the subjective instruments PG-SGA and SGA were among the most extensively studied and showed associations with clinical outcomes.

Regarding specific populations, relatively few studies evaluated critically ill patients. This gap may reflect an important limitation of applying existing screening and assessment tools in the ICU population. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) guideline for critically ill patients also highlights limitations of conventional screening and assessment tools in this setting, particularly because most tools were not developed using variables that are sensitive to critical illness.⁽¹⁰⁰⁾ As a consensus recommendation (low level of evidence; expert opinion), ESPEN suggests considering any critically ill patient who remains in the ICU for >48 hours to be at nutritional risk (strong consensus, 96%). For nutritional assessment, ESPEN recommends detailed clinical assessment given the lack of a specific screening tool for this population (strong consensus, 100%).⁽¹⁰⁰⁾ Together, these points support the need for additional prospective, multicenter studies to validate tools for critically ill patients or to develop instruments that incorporate ICU-relevant variables, given the high risk of pre-existing malnutrition and the catabolic response associated with critical illness.

In the context of GLIM, the heterogeneity of populations, variables, and tested combinations identified in this review limits direct comparisons across studies and reduces the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Similar concerns have been reported in prior literature, including a review by Fonseca et al.⁽¹⁰¹⁾ and another review by Correia et al.⁽¹⁰²⁾ Establishing standardized research protocols will be important to improve comparability across populations and to support more consistent implementation of GLIM criteria alongside screening tools.

An additional limitation is the scarcity of studies involving Latin American populations (17%), particularly from Brazil (14%). This gap raises concerns regarding the reliability and applicability of commonly used tools in these settings, as population-specific socioeconomic and clinical characteristics may not be adequately represented in the broader evidence base.⁽¹⁰³⁾ Future studies should prioritize Latin American populations and explicitly consider socioeconomic disparities and context-specific determinants that may influence nutritional risk and clinical outcomes.

Finally, further research is needed that prioritizes clinically relevant outcomes, evaluates distinct subpopulations, and assesses both established tools and the development of new instruments. Machine-learning approaches, supported by large clinical databases, may enable the development of simpler and more accurate tools that integrate screening and assessment functions to better guide nutrition interventions. However, clinical studies combining nutritional screening or assessment with machine learning remain limited. Notably, Muñoz Díaz et al.⁽¹⁰⁴⁾ combined MNA-SF with additional features in a logistic regression model and reported improved performance using a novel variable set. Duan et al.⁽¹⁰⁵⁾ used PG-SGA-based diagnoses with selected predictors in an XGBoost model to identify key predictive variables. These initiatives illustrate the potential for more efficient, concise, and accurate nutritional evaluation methods.

This study has limitations. First, the exclusive focus on hospitalized populations may limit generalizability. Second, validation studies that did not evaluate clinical outcomes were not described in detail. Third, the inclusion of "clinical outcomes" in the search strategy may have underestimated the total number of validation studies that focused primarily on diagnostic or screening performance rather than clinical endpoints.

CONCLUSION

Overall, nutritional screening and assessment tools used in routine practice were validated many years ago, often relying primarily on subjective clinical assessments and with relatively limited reporting of clinical outcomes. In addition, most studies were conducted in single-center settings and predominantly in non–Latin American populations. Future research should prioritize multicenter designs, improve population representativeness, and incorporate clinically relevant outcomes when evaluating both established and newly developed tools.

DATA AVAILABILITY

The underlying content is contained within the manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Daniela Alaminos for their overall support during the study period.

REFERENCES 1

Correia

Perman

Waitzberg

Hospital malnutrition in Latin America: A systematic review

Clin Nutr 2017 36 4 958 967

1 Correia MI, Perman MI, Waitzberg DL. Hospital malnutrition in Latin America: A systematic review. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(4):958-67.

Correia

MIT

Caiaffa

Waitzberg

Inquerito brasileiro de avaliaçäo nutricional hospitalar (IBRANUTRI): Metodologia do estudo multicêntrico

Rev Bras Nutri Clínica 1998 13 30 40

2 Correia MIT, Caiaffa WT, Waitzberg DL. Inquerito brasileiro de avaliaçäo nutricional hospitalar (IBRANUTRI): Metodologia do estudo multicêntrico. Rev Bras Nutri Clínica. 1998;13:30-40.

Correia

Waitzberg

The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis

Clin Nutr 2003 22 3 235 239

3 Correia MI, Waitzberg DL. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(3):235-9.

Curtis

Bernier

Jeejeebhoy

Allard

Duerksen

Gramlich

Costs of hospital malnutrition

Clin Nutr 2017 36 5 1391 1396

4 Curtis LJ, Bernier P, Jeejeebhoy K, Allard J, Duerksen D, Gramlich L, et al. Costs of hospital malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(5):1391-6.

Kruizenga

Van Tulder

Seidell

Thijs

Ader

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early screening and treatment of malnourished patients 1-3 2005 Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/82/5/1082/4607526

5 Kruizenga HM, Van Tulder MW, Seidell JC, Thijs A, Ader HJ, Ae M, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early screening and treatment of malnourished patients 1-3. 2005. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/82/5/1082/4607526

Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral

Associação Brasileira de Nutrologia Triagem e Avaliação do Estado Nutricional 2011

6 Sociedade Brasileira de Nutrição Parenteral e Enteral. Associação Brasileira de Nutrologia. Triagem e Avaliação do Estado Nutricional; 2011.

Cederholm

Barazzoni

Austin

Ballmer

Biolo

Bischoff

ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition

Clin Nutr 2017 36 1 49 64

7 Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, Ballmer P, Biolo G, Bischoff SC, et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):49-64.

Castro

Ribeiro

de Matos

Abreu

de Assis

Barreto

Diretriz BRASPEN de Terapia Nutricional no Paciente Grave

BRASPEN J 2023 38 Supl 2 2 46

8 Castro MG, Ribeiro PC, de Matos LB, Abreu HB, de Assis T, Barreto PA, et al. Diretriz BRASPEN de Terapia Nutricional no Paciente Grave. BRASPEN J. 2023;38(Supl 2):2-46.

Gonçalves

Horie

Gonçalves

Bacchi

Marisa Chiconelli Bailer

Barrére

Diretriz BRASPEN de terapia nutricional no envelhecimento

BRASPEN J 2019 34 3° Supl 2 58

9 Gonçalves TJ, Horie LM, Gonçalves SE, Bacchi MK, Marisa Chiconelli Bailer TG, Barrére AP, et al. Diretriz BRASPEN de terapia nutricional no envelhecimento. BRASPEN J. 2019;34(3° Supl):2-58.

Kondrup

Allison

Elia

Vellas

Plauth

Educational and Clinical Practice Committee, European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN)

ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002

Clin Nutr 2003 22 4 415 421

10 Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M; Educational and Clinical Practice Committee, European Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ESPEN). ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(4):415-21.

Guigoz

Vellas

Garry

Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation

Nutr Rev 1996 54 1 Pt 2 S59 S65

11 Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ. Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the Mini Nutritional Assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(1 Pt 2):S59-65.

Detsky

McLaughlin

Jr Baker

Johnston

Whittaker

Mendelson

What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987 11 1 8 13

12 Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR Jr, Baker JP, Johnston N, Whittaker S, Mendelson RA, et al. What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11(1):8-13.

Mueller

Compher

Ellen

American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors

A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011 35 1 16 24

13 Mueller C, Compher C, Ellen DM; American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention in adults. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(1):16-24.

Cederholm

Jensen

Correia

Gonzalez

Fukushima

Higashiguchi

Baptista

Barazzoni

Blaauw

Coats

Crivelli

Evans

Gramlich

Fuchs-Tarlovsky

Keller

Llido

Malone

Mogensen

Morley

Muscaritoli

Nyulasi

Pirlich

Pisprasert

de van der Schueren

Siltharm

Singer

Tappenden

Velasco

Waitzberg

Yamwong

Van Gossum

Compher

GLIM Core Leadership Committee GLIM Working Group

GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community

Clin Nutr 2019 38 1 1 9

14 Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MI, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats A, Crivelli A, Evans DC, Gramlich L, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Keller H, Llido L, Malone A, Mogensen KM, Morley JE, Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Pisprasert V, de van der Schueren MA, Siltharm S, Singer P, Tappenden K, Velasco N, Waitzberg D, Yamwong P, Yu J, Van Gossum A, Compher C; GLIM Core Leadership Committee; GLIM Working Group. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):1-9.

de van der Schueren

Keller

GLIM

Consortium

Cederholm

Barazzoni

Compher

Correia

MITD

Gonzalez

Jager-Wittenaar

Pirlich

Steiber

Waitzberg

Jensen

Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): Guidance on validation of the operational criteria for the diagnosis of protein-energy malnutrition in adults

Clin Nutr 2020 39 9 2872 2880

15 de van der Schueren MA, Keller H; GLIM Consortium; Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Compher C, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Jager-Wittenaar H, Pirlich M, Steiber A, Waitzberg D, Jensen GL. Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): Guidance on validation of the operational criteria for the diagnosis of protein-energy malnutrition in adults. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(9):2872-80.

Kondrup

Rasmussen

Hamberg

Stanga

Ad Hoc ESPEN Working Group

Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials

Clin Nutr 2003 22 3 321 336

16 Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z; Ad Hoc ESPEN Working Group. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2003;22(3):321-36.

Page

McKenzie

Bossuyt

Boutron

Hoffmann

Mulrow

The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

BMJ 2021 372 n71 n71

17 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Ouzzani

Hammady

Fedorowicz

Elmagarmid

Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews

Syst Rev 2016 5 1 210 210

18 Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210.

McGuinness

Higgins

Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments

Res Synth Methods 2021 12 1 55 61

19 McGuinness LA, Higgins JP. Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res Synth Methods. 2021;12(1):55-61.

Gioulbasanis

Baracos

Giannousi

Xyrafas

Martin

Georgoulias

Baseline nutritional evaluation in metastatic lung cancer patients: mini Nutritional Assessment versus weight loss history

Ann Oncol 2011 22 4 835 841

20 Gioulbasanis I, Baracos VE, Giannousi Z, Xyrafas A, Martin L, Georgoulias V, et al. Baseline nutritional evaluation in metastatic lung cancer patients: mini Nutritional Assessment versus weight loss history. Ann Oncol. 2011; 22(4):835-41.

Majari

Imani

Hosseini

Amirsavadkouhi

Ardehali

Khalooeifard

Comparison of Modified NUTRIC, NRS-2002, and MUST Scores in Iranian critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units: a prospective cohort study

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021 45 7 1504 1513

21 Majari K, Imani H, Hosseini S, Amirsavadkouhi A, Ardehali SH, Khalooeifard R. Comparison of Modified NUTRIC, NRS-2002, and MUST Scores in Iranian critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units: a prospective cohort study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021;45(7):1504-13.

Helminen

Luukkaala

Saarnio

Nuotio

Comparison of the Mini-Nutritional Assessment short and long form and serum albumin as prognostic indicators of hip fracture outcomes

Injury 2017 48 4 903 908

22 Helminen H, Luukkaala T, Saarnio J, Nuotio M. Comparison of the Mini-Nutritional Assessment short and long form and serum albumin as prognostic indicators of hip fracture outcomes. Injury. 2017;48(4):903-8.

Goldfarb

Lauck

Webb

Asgar

Perrault

Piazza

Malnutrition and mortality in frail and non-frail older adults undergoing aortic valve replacement

Circulation 2018 138 20 2202 2211

23 Goldfarb M, Lauck S, Webb JG, Asgar AW, Perrault LP, Piazza N, et al. Malnutrition and mortality in frail and non-frail older adults undergoing aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 2018;138(20):2202-11.

Chu

Liang

Chou

Lin

Chu

Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form as a useful method of predicting poor 1-year outcome in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery

Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017 17 12 2361 2368

24 Chu CS, Liang CK, Chou MY, Lu T, Lin YT, Chu CL. Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form as a useful method of predicting poor 1-year outcome in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(12):2361-8.

Hersberger

Bargetzi

Tribolet

Fehr

Baechli

Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002) is a strong and modifiable predictor risk score for short-term and long-term clinical outcomes: secondary analysis of a prospective randomised trial

Clin Nutr 2020 39 9 2720 2729

25 Hersberger L, Bargetzi L, Bargetzi A, Tribolet P, Fehr R, Baechli V, et al. Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002) is a strong and modifiable predictor risk score for short-term and long-term clinical outcomes: secondary analysis of a prospective randomised trial. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(9):2720-9.

Holst

Yifter-Lindgren

Surowiak

Nielsen

Mowe

Carlsson

Nutritional screening and risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients: association to clinical outcome?

Scand J Caring Sci 2013 27 4 953 961

26 Holst M, Yifter-Lindgren E, Surowiak M, Nielsen K, Mowe M, Carlsson M, et al. Nutritional screening and risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients: association to clinical outcome? Scand J Caring Sci. 2013;27(4):953-61.

Dent

Chapman

Piantadosi

Visvanathan

Performance of nutritional screening tools in predicting poor six-month outcome in hospitalised older patients

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014 23 3 394 399

27 Dent E, Chapman IM, Piantadosi C, Visvanathan R. Performance of nutritional screening tools in predicting poor six-month outcome in hospitalised older patients. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014;23(3):394-9.

Gattermann Pereira

da Silva Fink

Tosatti

Silva

Subjective global assessment can be performed in critically ill surgical patients as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes

Nutr Clin Pract 2019 34 1 131 136

28 Gattermann Pereira T, da Silva Fink J, Tosatti JA, Silva FM. Subjective global assessment can be performed in critically ill surgical patients as a predictor of poor clinical outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract. 2019;34(1):131-6.

Mahmoudinezhad

Khalili

Rezaeemanesh

Farhoudi

Eskandarieh

Subjective global assessment of malnutrition and dysphagia effect on the clinical and Para-clinical outcomes in elderly ischemic stroke patients: a community-based study

BMC Neurol 2021 21 1 466 466

29 Mahmoudinezhad M, Khalili M, Rezaeemanesh N, Farhoudi M, Eskandarieh S. Subjective global assessment of malnutrition and dysphagia effect on the clinical and Para-clinical outcomes in elderly ischemic stroke patients: a community-based study. BMC Neurol. 2021;21(1):466.

da Silva Fink

Marcadenti

Rabito

Silva

The New European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Definition of Malnutrition: Application for nutrition assessment and prediction of morbimortality in an emergency service

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018 42 3 550 556

30 da Silva Fink J, Marcadenti A, Rabito EI, Silva FM. The New European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Definition of Malnutrition: Application for nutrition assessment and prediction of morbimortality in an emergency service. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2018;42(3):550-6.

Huang

Song

Wang

Luo

The relationship between the GLIM-defined malnutrition, body composition and functional parameters, and clinical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Eur J Surg Oncol 2021 47 9 2323 2331

31 Huang DD, Yu DY, Song HN, Wang WB, Luo X, Wu GF, et al. The relationship between the GLIM-defined malnutrition, body composition and functional parameters, and clinical outcomes in elderly patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2021;47(9):2323-31.

Coltman

Peterson

Roehl

Roosevelt

Sowa

Use of 3 tools to assess nutrition risk in the intensive care unit

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015 39 1 28 33

32 Coltman A, Peterson S, Roehl K, Roosevelt H, Sowa D. Use of 3 tools to assess nutrition risk in the intensive care unit. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39(1):28-33.

Honda

Nagai

Iwakami

Sugano

Honda

Okada

Asaumi

Aiba

Noguchi

Kusano

Ogawa

Yasuda

Anzai

NaDEF investigators

Usefulness of Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index for Assessing Nutritional Status and Its Prognostic Impact in Patients Aged ≥65 Years With Acute Heart Failure

Am J Cardiol 2016 118 4 550 555

33 Honda Y, Nagai T, Iwakami N, Sugano Y, Honda S, Okada A, Asaumi Y, Aiba T, Noguchi T, Kusano K, Ogawa H, Yasuda S, Anzai T; NaDEF investigators. Usefulness of Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index for Assessing Nutritional Status and Its Prognostic Impact in Patients Aged ≥65 Years With Acute Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(4):550-5.

Slee

Birch

Stokoe

The relationship between malnutrition risk and clinical outcomes in a cohort of frail older hospital patients

Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016 15 57 62

34 Slee A, Birch D, Stokoe D. The relationship between malnutrition risk and clinical outcomes in a cohort of frail older hospital patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2016;15:57-62.

Smith

Ledgard

Doig

Chesher

Smith

An effective automated nutrition screen for hospitalized patients

Nutrition 2009 25 3 309 315

35 Smith RC, Ledgard JP, Doig G, Chesher D, Smith SF. An effective automated nutrition screen for hospitalized patients. Nutrition. 2009;25(3):309-15.

Sorensen

Kondrup

Prokopowicz

Schiesser

Krähenbühl

Meier

Liberda

EuroOOPS study group

EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome

Clin Nutr 2008 27 3 340 349

36 Sorensen J, Kondrup J, Prokopowicz J, Schiesser M, Krähenbühl L, Meier R, Liberda M; EuroOOPS study group. EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(3):340-9.

Sungurtekin

Oner

Okke

Nutrition assessment in critically ill patients

Nutr Clin Pract 2008 23 6 635 641

37 Sungurtekin H, Sungurtekin U, Oner O, Okke D. Nutrition assessment in critically ill patients. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(6):635-41.

Takahashi

Sowa

Tokumasu

Gomyoda

Okada

Ota

Comparison of three nutritional scoring systems for outcomes after complete resection of non-small cell lung cancer

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021 162 4 1257.e3 1268.e3

38 Takahashi M, Sowa T, Tokumasu H, Gomyoda T, Okada H, Ota S, et al. Comparison of three nutritional scoring systems for outcomes after complete resection of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021;162(4):1257-1268.e3.

Takaoka

Sasaki

Nakanishi

Kurihara

Ohi

Bamba

Nutritional screening and clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with Crohn's disease

Ann Nutr Metab 2017 71 3-4 266 272

39 Takaoka A, Sasaki M, Nakanishi N, Kurihara M, Ohi A, Bamba S, et al. Nutritional screening and clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with Crohn's disease. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;71(3-4):266-72.

Tangvik

Tell

Eisman

Guttormsen

Henriksen

Nilsen

The nutritional strategy: four questions predict morbidity, mortality and health care costs

Clin Nutr 2014 33 4 634 641

40 Tangvik RJ, Tell GS, Eisman JA, Guttormsen AB, Henriksen A, Nilsen RM, et al. The nutritional strategy: four questions predict morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(4):634-41.

van Venrooij

van Leeuwen

Hopmans

Borgmeijer-Hoelen

de Vos

De Mol

Accuracy of quick and easy undernutrition screening tools – Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, and modified Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool – in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 12 1924 1930

41 van Venrooij LM, van Leeuwen PA, Hopmans W, Borgmeijer-Hoelen MM, de Vos R, De Mol BA. Accuracy of quick and easy undernutrition screening tools – Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool, and modified Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool – in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(12):1924-30.

Watanabe

Miura

Yamashita

Minowa

Uehara

Mizushima

A Comparison of the predictive role of the geriatric nutritional risk index and immunonutritional parameters for postoperative complications in elderly patients with renal cell carcinoma

J Invest Surg 2021 34 10 1072 1077

42 Watanabe D, Miura K, Yamashita A, Minowa T, Uehara Y, Mizushima S, et al. A Comparison of the predictive role of the geriatric nutritional risk index and immunonutritional parameters for postoperative complications in elderly patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Invest Surg. 2021;34(10):1072-7.

Yin

Cao

Wang

Yan

Validation of the Chinese version of the Subjective Global Assessment scale of nutritional status in a sample of patients with gastrointestinal cancer

Int J Nurs Stud 2010 47 3 323 331

43 Wu B, Yin TT, Cao W, Gu ZD, Wang X, Yan M, et al. Validation of the Chinese version of the Subjective Global Assessment scale of nutritional status in a sample of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(3):323-31.

Zhu

Feng

Wang

Yao

Zhang

Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool improves the prediction of malnutrition risk outcomes in liver cirrhosis patients compared with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002

Br J Nutr 2020 124 12 1293 1302

44 Wu Y, Zhu Y, Feng Y, Wang R, Yao N, Zhang M, et al. Royal Free Hospital-Nutritional Prioritizing Tool improves the prediction of malnutrition risk outcomes in liver cirrhosis patients compared with Nutritional Risk Screening 2002. Br J Nutr. 2020;124(12):1293-302.

Xiao

Duan

Liu

Clinical significance of controlling nutritional status score (CONUT) in evaluating outcome of postoperative patients with gastric cancer

Sci Rep 2022 12 1 93 93

45 Xiao Q, Li X, Duan B, Li X, Liu S, Xu B, et al. Clinical significance of controlling nutritional status score (CONUT) in evaluating outcome of postoperative patients with gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):93.

Mei

Cai

Chen

Zheng

Wang

Correlation between components of malnutrition diagnosed by global leadership initiative on malnutrition criteria and the clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients: a propensity score matching analysis

Front Oncol 2022 12 851091 851091

46 Xu LB, Mei TT, Cai YQ, Chen WJ, Zheng SX, Wang L, et al. Correlation between components of malnutrition diagnosed by global leadership initiative on malnutrition criteria and the clinical outcomes in gastric cancer patients: a propensity score matching analysis. Front Oncol. 2022;12:851091.

Shi

Huang

Zhang

Shen

Impact of malnutrition diagnosed using Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria on clinical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2022 46 2 385 394

47 Xu LB, Shi MM, Huang ZX, Zhang WT, Zhang HH, Shen X, et al. Impact of malnutrition diagnosed using Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria on clinical outcomes of patients with gastric cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(2):385-94.

Jia

Jiang

Zhang

Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 was associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome: insight from the REACP study

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021 31 4 1121 1128

48 Yu J, Li D, Jia Y, Li F, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, et al. Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 was associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome: insight from the REACP study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(4):1121-8.

Zhang

Huang

Sun

Liu

Liao

Comparing the prognostic significance of nutritional screening tools and ESPEN-DCM on 3-month and 12-month outcomes in stroke patients

Clin Nutr 2021 40 5 3346 3353

49 Zhang M, Ye S, Huang X, Sun L, Liu Z, Liao C, et al. Comparing the prognostic significance of nutritional screening tools and ESPEN-DCM on 3-month and 12-month outcomes in stroke patients. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3346-53.

Chávez-Tostado

Cervantes-Guevara

López-Alvarado

Cervantes-Pérez

Barbosa-Camacho

Fuentes-Orozco

Comparison of nutritional screening tools to assess nutritional risk and predict clinical outcomes in Mexican patients with digestive diseases

BMC Gastroenterol 2020 20 1 79 79

50 Chávez-Tostado M, Cervantes-Guevara G, López-Alvarado SE, Cervantes-Pérez G, Barbosa-Camacho FJ, Fuentes-Orozco C, et al. Comparison of nutritional screening tools to assess nutritional risk and predict clinical outcomes in Mexican patients with digestive diseases. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):79.

Charlton

Nichols

Bowden

Milosavljevic

Lambert

Barone

Poor nutritional status of older subacute patients predicts clinical outcomes and mortality at 18 months of follow-up

Eur J Clin Nutr 2012 66 11 1224 1228

51 Charlton K, Nichols C, Bowden S, Milosavljevic M, Lambert K, Barone L, et al. Poor nutritional status of older subacute patients predicts clinical outcomes and mortality at 18 months of follow-up. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(11):1224-8.

Burgel

Teixeira

Leites

Carvalho

Modanese

Rabito

Concurrent and Predictive Validity of AND-ASPEN Malnutrition Consensus Is Satisfactory in Hospitalized Patients: A Longitudinal Study

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021 45 5 1061 1071

52 Burgel CF, Teixeira PP, Leites GM, Carvalho GD, Modanese PV, Rabito EI, et al. Concurrent and Predictive Validity of AND-ASPEN Malnutrition Consensus Is Satisfactory in Hospitalized Patients: A Longitudinal Study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021;45(5):1061-71.

Bell

Bauer

Capra

Pulle

Concurrent and predictive evaluation of malnutrition diagnostic measures in hip fracture inpatients: a diagnostic accuracy study

Eur J Clin Nutr 2014 68 3 358 362

53 Bell JJ, Bauer JD, Capra S, Pulle RC. Concurrent and predictive evaluation of malnutrition diagnostic measures in hip fracture inpatients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(3):358-62.

Atalay

Yaǧmur

Nursal

Atalay

Noyan

Use of subjective global assessment and clinical outcomes in critically ill geriatric patients receiving nutrition support

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008 32 4 454 459

54 Atalay BG, Yaǧmur C, Nursal TZ, Atalay H, Noyan T. Use of subjective global assessment and clinical outcomes in critically ill geriatric patients receiving nutrition support. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32(4):454-9.

Almendra

Leandro-Merhi

Aquino

Agreement between nutritional screening instruments in hospitalized older patients

Arq Gastroenterol 2022 59 1 145 149

55 Almendra AA, Leandro-Merhi VA, Aquino JL. Agreement between nutritional screening instruments in hospitalized older patients. Arq Gastroenterol. 2022;59(1):145-9.

Almasaudi

McSorley

Dolan

Edwards

McMillan

The relation between Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), computed tomography-derived body composition, systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer

Am J Clin Nutr 2019 110 6 1327 1334

56 Almasaudi AS, McSorley ST, Dolan RD, Edwards CA, McMillan DC. The relation between Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), computed tomography-derived body composition, systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(6):1327-34.

Allepaerts

Buckinx

Bruyère

Reginster

Paquot

Gillain

Clinical impact of nutritional status and energy balance in elderly hospitalized patients

J Nutr Health Aging 2020 24 10 1073 1079

57 Allepaerts S, Buckinx F, Bruyère O, Reginster JY, Paquot N, Gillain S. Clinical impact of nutritional status and energy balance in elderly hospitalized patients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020;24(10):1073-9.

Aliasghari

Izadi

Khalili

Farhoudi

Ahmadiyan

Deljavan

Impact of premorbid malnutrition and dysphagia on ischemic stroke outcome in elderly patients: a community-based study

J Am Coll Nutr 2019 38 4 318 326

58 Aliasghari F, Izadi A, Khalili M, Farhoudi M, Ahmadiyan S, Deljavan R. Impact of premorbid malnutrition and dysphagia on ischemic stroke outcome in elderly patients: a community-based study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019;38(4):318-26.

Akimoto

Hara

Morita

Uehara

Nakajima

Relationship between Nutritional Scales and Prognosis in Elderly Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Comparison of Controlling Nutritional Status Score and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index

Ann Nutr Metab 2021 77 2 116 123

59 Akimoto T, Hara M, Morita A, Uehara S, Nakajima H. Relationship between Nutritional Scales and Prognosis in Elderly Patients after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Comparison of Controlling Nutritional Status Score and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index. Ann Nutr Metab. 2021;77(2):116-23.

Acarbaş

Baş

Which Objective Nutritional Index Is Better for the Prediction of Adverse Medical Events in Elderly Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery?

World Neurosurg 2021 146 e106 e111

60 Acarbaş A, Baş NS. Which Objective Nutritional Index Is Better for the Prediction of Adverse Medical Events in Elderly Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery? World Neurosurg. 2021;146:e106-11.

Abd-El-Gawad

Abou-Hashem

El Maraghy

Amin

The validity of Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index: simple tool for prediction of nutritional-related complication of hospitalized elderly patients. Comparison with Mini Nutritional Assessment

Clin Nutr 2014 33 6 1108 1116

61 Abd-El-Gawad WM, Abou-Hashem RM, El Maraghy MO, Amin GE. The validity of Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index: simple tool for prediction of nutritional-related complication of hospitalized elderly patients. Comparison with Mini Nutritional Assessment. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(6):1108-16.

Abbass

Dolan

MacLeod

Horgan

Laird

McMillan

Comparison of the prognostic value of MUST, ECOG-PS, mGPS and CT derived body composition analysis in patients with advanced lung cancer

Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020 40 349 356

62 Abbass T, Dolan RD, MacLeod N, Horgan PG, Laird BJ, McMillan DC. Comparison of the prognostic value of MUST, ECOG-PS, mGPS and CT derived body composition analysis in patients with advanced lung cancer. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;40:349-56.

Aaldriks

van der Geest

Giltay

le Cessie

Portielje

Tanis

Frailty and malnutrition predictive of mortality risk in older patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy

J Geriatr Oncol 2013 4 3 218 226

63 Aaldriks AA, van der Geest LG, Giltay EJ, le Cessie S, Portielje JE, Tanis BC, et al. Frailty and malnutrition predictive of mortality risk in older patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy. J Geriatr Oncol. 2013;4(3):218-26.

Lomivorotov

Efremov

Boboshko

Nikolaev

Vedernikov

Deryagin

Prognostic value of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery

Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2013 16 5 612 618

64 Lomivorotov VV, Efremov SM, Boboshko VA, Nikolaev DA, Vedernikov PE, Deryagin MN, et al. Prognostic value of nutritional screening tools for patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;16(5):612-8.

Lin

Chi

Hsieh

Nutrition assessment and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with tuberculosis

J Clin Med 2021 10 12 2702 2702

65 Lin HS, Lin MS, Chi CC, Ye JJ, Hsieh CC. Nutrition assessment and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with tuberculosis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2702.

Huang

Luo

Song

Wang

Liu

Value of muscle quality, strength and gait speed in supporting the predictive power of GLIM-defined malnutrition for postoperative outcomes in overweight patients with gastric cancer

Clin Nutr 2021 40 6 4201 4208

66 Huang DD, Wu GF, Luo X, Song HN, Wang WB, Liu NX, et al. Value of muscle quality, strength and gait speed in supporting the predictive power of GLIM-defined malnutrition for postoperative outcomes in overweight patients with gastric cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(6):4201-8.

Hung

Hsueh

Chang

Chen

Yeh

A prospective nutritional assessment using Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form among patients with head and neck cancer receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy

Support Care Cancer 2021 29 3 1509 1518

67 Hung CY, Hsueh SW, Lu CH, Chang PH, Chen PT, Yeh KY, et al. A prospective nutritional assessment using Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form among patients with head and neck cancer receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(3):1509-18.

Inoue

Matsumoto

Yamashita

Yoshiga

Yoshiya

Matsubara

Malnutrition diagnosed by controlling nutrition status is a negative predictor of life prognosis in aortic arch aneurysm patients treated with thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

Vascular 2020 28 1 31 41

68 Inoue K, Matsumoto T, Yamashita S, Yoshiga R, Yoshiya K, Matsubara Y, et al. Malnutrition diagnosed by controlling nutrition status is a negative predictor of life prognosis in aortic arch aneurysm patients treated with thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair. Vascular. 2020;28(1):31-41.

Inoue

Misu

Tanaka

Kakehi

Ono

Acute phase nutritional screening tool associated with functional outcomes of hip fracture patients: A longitudinal study to compare MNA-SF, MUST, NRS-2002 and GNRI

Clin Nutr 2019 38 1 220 226

69 Inoue T, Misu S, Tanaka T, Kakehi T, Ono R. Acute phase nutritional screening tool associated with functional outcomes of hip fracture patients: A longitudinal study to compare MNA-SF, MUST, NRS-2002 and GNRI. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(1):220-6.

Jayanth

Maroju

Utility of nutritional indices in preoperative assessment of cancer patients

Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020 37 141 147

70 Jayanth KS, Maroju NK. Utility of nutritional indices in preoperative assessment of cancer patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;37:141-7.

Jeejeebhoy

Keller

Gramlich

Allard

Laporte

Duerksen

Nutritional assessment: comparison of clinical assessment and objective variables for the prediction of length of hospital stay and readmission

Am J Clin Nutr 2015 101 5 956 965

71 Jeejeebhoy KN, Keller H, Gramlich L, Allard JP, Laporte M, Duerksen DR, et al. Nutritional assessment: comparison of clinical assessment and objective variables for the prediction of length of hospital stay and readmission. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(5):956-65.

Kalaiselvan

Renuka

Arunkumar

Use of nutrition risk in critically ill (NUTRIC) score to assess nutritional risk in mechanically ventilated patients: A prospective observational study

Indian J Crit Care Med 2017 21 5 253 256

72 Kalaiselvan MS, Renuka MK, Arunkumar AS. Use of nutrition risk in critically ill (NUTRIC) score to assess nutritional risk in mechanically ventilated patients: A prospective observational study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2017; 21(5):253-6.

Kang

Kim

Nam

Jeong

Kim

Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke - Automated undernutrition screen tool

PLoS One 2020 15 2

e0228738

73 Kang MK, Kim TJ, Kim Y, Nam KW, Jeong HY, Kim SK, et al. Geriatric nutritional risk index predicts poor outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke - Automated undernutrition screen tool. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0228738.

Katayama

Hioki

Kyono

Watanabe

Yamamoto

Kozuma

Predictive value of the geriatric nutritional risk index in percutaneous coronary intervention with rotational atherectomy

Heart Vessels 2020 35 7 887 893

74 Katayama T, Hioki H, Kyono H, Watanabe Y, Yamamoto H, Kozuma K. Predictive value of the geriatric nutritional risk index in percutaneous coronary intervention with rotational atherectomy. Heart Vessels. 2020;35(7):887-93.

Komici

Vitale

Mancini

Bencivenga

Conte

Provenzano

Impact of malnutrition on long-term mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

Nutrients 2019 11 2 224 224

75 Komici K, Vitale DF, Mancini A, Bencivenga L, Conte M, Provenzano S, et al. Impact of malnutrition on long-term mortality in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):224.

Kootaka

Kamiya

Hamazaki

Nozaki

Ichikawa

Nakamura

The GLIM criteria for defining malnutrition can predict physical function and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease

Clin Nutr 2021 40 1 146 152

76 Kootaka Y, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, Nozaki K, Ichikawa T, Nakamura T, et al. The GLIM criteria for defining malnutrition can predict physical function and prognosis in patients with cardiovascular disease. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(1):146-52.

Koren-Hakim

Weiss

Hershkovitz

Otzrateni

Anbar

Gross Nevo

Comparing the adequacy of the MNA-SF, NRS-2002 and MUST nutritional tools in assessing malnutrition in hip fracture operated elderly patients

Clin Nutr 2016 35 5 1053 1058

77 Koren-Hakim T, Weiss A, Hershkovitz A, Otzrateni I, Anbar R, Gross Nevo RF, et al. Comparing the adequacy of the MNA-SF, NRS-2002 and MUST nutritional tools in assessing malnutrition in hip fracture operated elderly patients. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(5):1053-8.

Lee

Chen

Wang

Hsieh

Hii

Impact of nutritional assessment on the clinical outcomes of patients with non-albicans candidemia: A multicenter study

Nutrients 2021 13 9 3218 3218

78 Lee YC, Chen YC, Wang JT, Wang FD, Hsieh MH, Hii IM, et al. Impact of nutritional assessment on the clinical outcomes of patients with non-albicans candidemia: A multicenter study. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3218.

Lim

Lee

Chan

Prognostic validity of 3-Minute Nutrition Screening (3-MinNS) in predicting length of hospital stay, readmission, cost of hospitalisation and mortality: a cohort study

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014 23 4 560 566

79 Lim SL, Lee CJ, Chan YH. Prognostic validity of 3-Minute Nutrition Screening (3-MinNS) in predicting length of hospital stay, readmission, cost of hospitalisation and mortality: a cohort study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2014;23(4):560-6.

Nascè

Malézieux-Picard

Hakiza

Fassier

Zekry

How Do Geriatric Scores Predict 1-Year Mortality in Elderly Patients with Suspected Pneumonia?

Geriatrics (Basel) 2021 6 4 112 112

80 Nascè A, Malézieux-Picard A, Hakiza L, Fassier T, Zekry D, et al. How Do Geriatric Scores Predict 1-Year Mortality in Elderly Patients with Suspected Pneumonia? Geriatrics (Basel). 2021;6(4):112.

Nishioka

Omagari

Nishioka

Mori

Taketani

Kayashita

Concurrent and predictive validity of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in older stroke rehabilitation patients

J Hum Nutr Diet 2020 33 1 12 22

81 Nishioka S, Omagari K, Nishioka E, Mori N, Taketani Y, Kayashita J. Concurrent and predictive validity of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in older stroke rehabilitation patients. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020;33(1):12-22.

Nuotio

Tuominen

Luukkaala

Association of nutritional status as measured by the Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short Form with changes in mobility, institutionalization and death after hip fracture

Eur J Clin Nutr 2016 70 3 393 398

82 Nuotio M, Tuominen P, Luukkaala T. Association of nutritional status as measured by the Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short Form with changes in mobility, institutionalization and death after hip fracture. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016;70(3):393-8.

Oliveira

Heyland

Silva

Rabito

Rosa

Tarnowski

Complementarity of modified NUTRIC score with or without C-reactive protein and subjective global assessment in predicting mortality in critically ill patients

Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2019 31 4 490 496

83 Oliveira ML, Heyland DK, Silva FM, Rabito EI, Rosa M, Tarnowski MD, et al. Complementarity of modified NUTRIC score with or without C-reactive protein and subjective global assessment in predicting mortality in critically ill patients. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2019;31(4):490-6.

Ozkalkanli

Katircioglu

Savaci

Comparison of tools for nutrition assessment and screening for predicting the development of complications in orthopedic surgery

Nutr Clin Pract 2009 24 2 274 280

84 Ozkalkanli MY, Ozkalkanli DT, Katircioglu K, Savaci S. Comparison of tools for nutrition assessment and screening for predicting the development of complications in orthopedic surgery. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24(2):274-80.

Barbosa

Desempenho de testes de rastreamento e avaliação nutricional como preditores de desfechos clínicos negativos em pacientes hospitalizados [tese] São Paulo

Universidade de São Paulo

2010

85 Barbosa M. Desempenho de testes de rastreamento e avaliação nutricional como preditores de desfechos clínicos negativos em pacientes hospitalizados [tese]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2010.

Rabito

Marcadenti

da Silva Fink

Figueira

Silva

Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition screening tool, and malnutrition universal screening tool are good predictors of nutrition risk in an emergency service

Nutr Clin Pract 2017 32 4 526 532

86 Rabito EI, Marcadenti A, da Silva Fink J, Figueira L, Silva FM. Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire, Malnutrition screening tool, and malnutrition universal screening tool are good predictors of nutrition risk in an emergency service. Nutr Clin Pract. 2017;32(4):526-32.

Rasheedy

El-Kawaly

The accuracy of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in detecting frailty and sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults

Aging Clin Exp Res 2020 32 12 2469 2477

87 Rasheedy D, El-Kawaly WH. The accuracy of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in detecting frailty and sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(12):2469-77.

Raslan

Gonzalez

Dias

Nascimento

Castro

Marques

Comparison of nutritional risk screening tools for predicting clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients

Nutrition 2010 26 7-8 721 726

88 Raslan M, Gonzalez MC, Dias MC, Nascimento M, Castro M, Marques P, et al. Comparison of nutritional risk screening tools for predicting clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Nutrition. 2010;26(7-8):721-6.

Raslan

Gonzalez

Torrinhas

Ravacci

Pereira

Waitzberg

Complementarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for predicting poor clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients

Clin Nutr 2011 30 1 49 53

89 Raslan M, Gonzalez MC, Torrinhas RS, Ravacci GR, Pereira JC, Waitzberg DL. Complementarity of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) for predicting poor clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr. 2011;30(1):49-53.

Rodrigues

Chaves

Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment in relation to site, stage of the illness, reason for hospital admission, and mortality in patients with gynecological tumors

Support Care Cancer 2015 23 3 871 879

90 Rodrigues CS, Chaves GV. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment in relation to site, stage of the illness, reason for hospital admission, and mortality in patients with gynecological tumors. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23(3):871-9.

Ruiz

Buitrago

Rodríguez

Gómez

Sulo

Gómez

Clinical and economic outcomes associated with malnutrition in hospitalized patients

Clin Nutr 2019 38 3 1310 1316

91 Ruiz AJ, Buitrago G, Rodríguez N, Gómez G, Sulo S, Gómez C, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes associated with malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Clin Nutr. 2019;38(3):1310-6.

Santos

Rabelo

Junior Campos

Sousa

Veloso

Chein

Scored patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment: length of hospital stay and mortality in cancer patients

Rev Nutr 2017 30 5 545 553

92 Santos AF, Rabelo Junior AA, Campos FL, Sousa RM, Veloso HJ, Chein MB. Et al. Scored patient-generated Subjective Global Assessment: length of hospital stay and mortality in cancer patients. Rev Nutr. 2017;30(5):545-53.

Sanz-París

Gómez-Candela

Martín-Palmero

García-Almeida

Burgos-Pelaez

Matía-Martin

Arbones-Mainar

Study VIDA group

Application of the new ESPEN definition of malnutrition in geriatric diabetic patients during hospitalization: A multicentric study

Clin Nutr 2016 35 6 1564 1567

93 Sanz-París A, Gómez-Candela C, Martín-Palmero Á, García-Almeida JM, Burgos-Pelaez R, Matía-Martin P, Arbones-Mainar JM; Study VIDA group. Application of the new ESPEN definition of malnutrition in geriatric diabetic patients during hospitalization: A multicentric study. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(6):1564-7.

Söderström

Rosenblad

Adolfsson

Saletti

Bergkvist

Nutritional status predicts preterm death in older people: a prospective cohort study

Clin Nutr 2014 33 2 354 359

94 Söderström L, Rosenblad A, Adolfsson ET, Saletti A, Bergkvist L. Nutritional status predicts preterm death in older people: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(2):354-9.

Saseedharan

Comparison of Nutric Score, Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in the ICU: a cohort study

J Nutrit Health Food Sci 2019 7 4 1 4

95 Saseedharan S. Comparison of Nutric Score, Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in the ICU: a cohort study. J Nutrit Health Food Sci. 2019;7(4):1-4.

Zhao

Zhang

Cheng

Yang

Impacts of geriatric nutritional risk index on prognosis of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: results from an observational cohort study in China

Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020p 30 10 1685 1696

96 Zhao Q, Zhang TY, Cheng YJ, Ma Y, Xu YK, Yang JQ, et al. Impacts of geriatric nutritional risk index on prognosis of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: results from an observational cohort study in China. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020p;30(10):1685-96.

Guigoz

Vellas

Garry

Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the mini nutritional assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation

nutrition reviews 1996 54 1 S59 S65

97 Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ, Assessing the nutritional status of the elderly: the mini nutritional assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation. nutrition reviews. 1996;54(1):S59-S65.

Rubenstein

Harker

Salvà

Guigoz

Vellas

Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF)

J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001 56 6 M366 M372

98 Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001; 56(6):M366-72.

Detsky

Baker

O’Rourke

Johnston

Whitwell

Mendelson

Predicting nutrition-associated complications for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987 11 5 440 446

99 Detsky AS, Baker JP, O’Rourke K, Johnston N, Whitwell J, Mendelson RA, et al. Predicting nutrition-associated complications for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1987;11(5):440-6.

100

Singer

Blaser

Berger

Calder

Casaer

Hiesmayr

ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit

Clin Nutr 2023 42 9 1671 1689

100 Singer P, Blaser AR, Berger MM, Calder PC, Casaer M, Hiesmayr M, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2023;42(9):1671-89.

101

Fonseca

Ferreira

A critical analysis of the methodological processes applied in the studies using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition

Rev Nutr 2021 34 34 34

101 Fonseca AL, Ferreira LG. A critical analysis of the methodological processes applied in the studies using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. Rev Nutr. 2021;34:34.

102

Correia

Tappenden

Malone

Prado

Evans

Sauer

Utilization and validation of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): A scoping review

Clin Nutr 2022 41 3 687 697

102 Correia MI, Tappenden KA, Malone A, Prado CM, Evans DC, Sauer AC, et al. Utilization and validation of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): A scoping review. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(3):687-97.

103

Dhillon

Jacobs

Ortiz

Diaz Rios

A systematic review of literature on the representation of racial and ethnic minority groups in clinical nutrition interventions

Adv Nutr 2022 13 5 1505 1528

103 Dhillon J, Jacobs AG, Ortiz S, Diaz Rios LK. A systematic review of literature on the representation of racial and ethnic minority groups in clinical nutrition interventions. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(5):1505-28.

104

Muñoz Díaz

Martínez De La Iglesia

Romero-Saldaña

Molina-Luque

Arenas de Larriva

Molina-Recio

Development of predictive models for nutritional assessment in the elderly

Public Health Nutr 2021 24 3 449 456

104 Muñoz Díaz B, Martínez De La Iglesia J, Romero-Saldaña M, Molina-Luque R, Arenas de Larriva AP, Molina-Recio G. Development of predictive models for nutritional assessment in the elderly. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(3):449-56.

105

Duan

Yuan

Feng

Ren

Predictive model for assessing malnutrition in elderly hospitalized cancer patients: A machine learning approach

Geriatr Nurs 2024 58 388 398

105 Duan R, Li Q, Yuan QX, Hu J, Feng T, Ren T. Predictive model for assessing malnutrition in elderly hospitalized cancer patients: A machine learning approach. Geriatr Nurs. 2024;58:388-98.