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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Einstein (Sao Paulo)</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo)</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="acronym">EINS</abbrev-journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Einstein (S&#227;o Paulo)</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">1679-4508</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2317-6385</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>Sao Paulo</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mfnFtYLX7s7bncfpgYSZvTr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S1679-45082011000300354</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1679-45082011AO2039</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1679-45082011AO2039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison between Oncotype DX test and standard prognostic criteria in estrogen receptor positive early-stage breast cancer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Roberto Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simon</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - UNIFESP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - HIAE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; HIAE, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil; Centro Paulista de Oncologia &#8211; CPO, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Paulista de Oncologia - CPO</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Centro Paulista de Oncologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Corresponding author: Marcelo Roberto Pereira Freitas &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Molecular do C&#226;ncer &#8211; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11&#176; andar &#8211; Vila Clementino &#8211; CEP 04039-020 &#8211; S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brasil &#8211; Tel.: <phone>11 5539-6151</phone> &#8211; E-mail: <email>docfreitas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflict of interest: none</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Sep</season>
        <year>2011</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>9</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>354</fpage>
      <lpage>358</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2011</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the prognosis estimated by standard prognostic criteria <italic>versus</italic> the prognosis estimated by the Oncotype DX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A retrospective study was performed on 22 patients with positive estrogen receptor, early-stage breast cancer who had an Oncotype DX recurrence score available.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Kappa value between Oncotype DX and standard prognostic criteria was: Adjuvant! (K = 0.091), Adjuvant! (Transbig) (K = 0.182) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (K = 0.091). The Fisher's exact test did not show correlation between Oncotype and standard prognostic criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Standard prognostic criteria showed no correlation with Oncotype DX.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Breast neoplasms/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Gene expression profiling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>In developed countries, approximately 65% of women with invasive breast cancer have negative lymph node disease upon diagnosis, and 85% of these women are expected to be alive and free from distant metastasis at 10 years<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Chemotherapy in this group of patients, especially among patients with estrogen receptor-positive disease treated with adjuvant hormone therapy, offers only a modest improvement in 10-year survival<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, most patients with small tumors and negative axillary status, have indication for adjuvant chemotherapy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. Current clinical guidelines have conflicting criteria for the selection of patients who will not benefit from chemotherapy. This is largely due to our limited ability to identify individual patients who are unlikely to benefit from such treatment. Consequently, chemotherapy is offered to a large group of patients that could be cured with loco-regional treatment and endocrine therapy only. More accurate methods of risk assessment could avoid the toxicity of chemotherapy for these patients<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, the indication for adjuvant systemic therapy takes into account the risk of disease recurrence, the estimated benefit of adjuvant therapy, the toxicity of treatment and the comorbidities. Conventional risk classifiers include the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (NCCN), the St. Gallen consensus recommendations, and Adjuvant! Online. These classifiers estimate recurrence risk by considering some criteria, such as clinical and histological characteristics. Clinical trial data and physician experience support the development and regular updates of these classifiers and studies showed significant predictive ability<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The St. Gallen expert consensus defines three recurrence risk categories. The low risk group includes patients with tumors with all of the following characteristics: node negative axilla, pT &lt; 2 cm, grade 1, no vascular invasion, positive estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PgR), HER2 negative status and age &gt; 35 years. The intermediate risk group refers to patients with node negative axilla and at least one of the following features: pT &gt; 2 cm, grade 2 or 3, vascular invasion, positive HER2 status, negative ER and PgR, age &lt; 35 years or patients with 1-3 nodes positive and positive ER and/or PgR and negative HER2 status. The high risk group includes patients with 1-3 positive nodes and negative ER and PgR or positive HER2 status, or &gt; 4 positive nodes. There is no indication for adjuvant chemotherapy for the low risk group and this modality of treatment should always be indicated in the high risk group<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The NCCN recommendations exclude chemotherapy for patients with well-differentiated tumors up to 1cm and no unfavorable characteristics. For those with lymph node-negative, hormone receptor-positive breast cancer tumors greater than 1cm, endocrine therapy with chemotherapy is recommended (category 1)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Adjuvant! is a computer program that estimates the risk of recurrence and mortality for each individual patient, providing also estimates of the benefits offered by each proposed modality of adjuvant therapy. This program is based in projections. Because of the multiplicity of sources of error and the uncertainty of their interactions, the program does not calculate a 95% confidence interval for its estimates<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Adjuvant! was validated using the tumor registry of the province of British Columbia, Canada. The outcomes obtained with the current follow-up of 4,083 women with T1-2, N0-1, M0 breast cancer were compared with predicted 10-year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) for each patient. The OS and EFS estimated by Adjuvant! were 71.7 and 71% and the observed outcomes were 72 and 70,1%, respectively. Adjuvant! is being constantly improved and updated with the publication of new clinical trials, and is currently in its version 8.0<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, gene expression analysis in breast cancer emerged as a tool able to refine the prognosis and individualize the recommendations for adjuvant systemic treatment. Oncotype DX uses a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to quantify the expression of specific mRNA for 16 cancer genes and 5 reference genes that were selected on the basis of their predictive and prognostic value, in patients with lymph node negative and positive estrogen receptor, treated with tamoxifen. The result of the test is expressed in a recurrence score (RS).</p>
      <p>Expression levels of these genes are used to classify patients into the following categories: low risk (RS&lt;18), intermediate risk (RS &gt;18 and &lt; 31), and high risk (RS &gt; 31). The estimates of the rates of distant recurrence at 10 years in the low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups were 6.8% (95%CI: 4.0-9.6), 14.3% (95%CI: 8.320.3), and 30.5% (95%CI: 23.6-37.4), respectively<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another important utility of Oncotype DX is its ability to predict benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The 21-gene assay was performed in a subset of 651 patients from the B-20 trial, which randomized women with ER-positive, lymph node-negative breast cancer to receive tamoxifen for 5 years either alone or plus MF or CMF chemotherapy (M: methotrexate, F: fluorouracil and C: cyclophosphamide). The test for interaction between chemotherapy treatment and RS was statistically significant. Patients with high RS had a large benefit from chemotherapy, while patients with low RS tumors derived minimal, if any, benefit from chemotherapy. Patients with intermediate-RS tumors did not appear to derive a large benefit, but the uncertainty in the estimate cannot exclude a clinically important benefit<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Similar findings have been reported in another trial comparing tamoxifen with tamoxifen plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy in postmenopausal women with node-positive and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although performed retrospectively, the validation of Oncotype DX using a prospectively collected clinical trial data set, but retrospectively collected tissues from the data set, might be considered as level of evidence I for use of this assay. The American Society of Clinical Oncology recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast cancer states that Oncotype DX assay can be used to predict the risk of recurrence in patients treated with tamoxifen, and used to identify patients who are predicted to obtain the most therapeutic benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen and may not require adjuvant chemotherapy. There are insufficient data at present to comment on whether these conclusions can be applied to hormonal therapies other than tamoxifen, or whether this assay applies to other chemotherapy regimens<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. All recommendations involving the use of RS in treatment decision-making are categorized as level of evidence 2B<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to compare the prognosis estimated by standard prognostic criteria and by the Oncotype DX test.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>This study was performed with clinical data from patients seen at three Brazilian Medical Centers: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Centro Paulista de Oncologia, in S&#227;o Paulo (SP); and Centro de Hematologia, Oncologia e Transplante de Medula &#211;ssea, in Porto Alegre (RS). The Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein approved the protocol (0215.0.028.000-08) and all patients gave written informed consent to participate of the study.</p>
        <p>Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were estrogen receptor positive; early-stage breast cancer, diagnosed between 2006 and 2008, and had an Oncotype DX recurrence score available. Twenty-two patients were included in this retrospective study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Comparison with the recurrence risk estimated by Oncotype DX was made with the risk classification of the NCCN (low and high) and St. Gallen's criteria (low, intermediated and high).</p>
        <p>For comparison with Adjuvant! (version 8.0) two strategies were used: a) the value obtained with risk percentile to recurrence in 10 years with the reduction of the effects of five years of tamoxifen, predicted by Adjuvant!, was transformed into risk groups (low, intermediated and high), using the plot of distant recurrence of Oncotype DX; b) using Transbig consortium criteria that define the low clinical risk group and include patients with a 10-year breast cancer survival probability of at least 88%, if their tumors were positive in more than 1% of the cases for expression of ER, considering the use of five years of tamoxifen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Fisher's exact test and Kappa test for concordance were used for comparisons between groups.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The median age of the patients was 52.9 years (range: 39 to 79 years). All patients had positive ER and negative HER2 breast cancer. Nineteen patients (86%) had tumors with &lt; 2 cm, 18 (82%) patients had no axillary involvement and four patients had positive nodes (two cases of micro-metastasis and two cases of macro-metastasis). The proportion of patients with histological grade tumors 1, 2 and 3 was 9, 68, 23%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The St. Gallen and NCCN criteria classify few patients in the low risk group. Using Transbig criteria to classify patients in risk categories predicted by Adjuvant! more patients were identified at low risk of using risk percentile (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients in each risk category</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="17%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Risk category</th>
              <th align="center">Oncotype DX</th>
              <th align="center">Adjuvant! (risk percentile)</th>
              <th align="center">Adjuvant! (Transbig)</th>
              <th align="center">St. Gallen</th>
              <th align="center">NCCN</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">13.6</td>
              <td align="center">63.6</td>
              <td align="center">0 4.</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate/high</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">86.4</td>
              <td align="center">36.4</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">95.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values expressed in %.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Standard prognostic criteria showed no correlation with Oncotype DX (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), that was corroborated with the results of the Kappa coefficient. The value Kappa between Oncotype DX and Adjuvant! was (K = 0.091), Adjuvant! (Transbig) (K = 0.182) and NCCN (K = 0.091).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between Oncotype DX and standard prognostic criteria</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid;border-color: #000000">Oncotype DX</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2"/>
              <th align="center">Low</th>
              <th align="center">Intermediate/high</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">Adjuvant!</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Intermediate/high</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">Adjuvant! (Transbig)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">0.659</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Intermediate/high</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">NCCN</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left">Intermediate/high</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>Oncotype DX reclassified the risk group of a substantial number of patients, showing that conventional risk classifiers do not correlate well with gene expression analysis. The reclassification demonstrates the important impact of Oncotype DX, since the change of patients from high to low risk category reduces the number of patients who could undergo unnecessary chemotherapy.</p>
      <p>This was more expressive using the NCCN and St. Gallen criteria, as these classified almost all patients as intermediate or high risk groups. Oncotype DX reclassified 50% of patients to the low risk category. Similar data were presented by Paik et al., in which 92.1% of 668 patients enrolled in the NSABP B-14 trial were considered as intermediate or high risk by NCCN and St. Gallen, with 50.6% of patients being classified as low risk by Oncotype DX<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The inability of the St. Gallen criteria to identify patients at low risk was also demonstrated in a study that compared the 70-gene signature test (another test of gene expression analysis) with the St. Gallen criteria. The 70-gene signature leads to a 20 to 30% reduction in the number of women who would otherwise receive chemotherapy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of percentile values for comparison between Oncotype DX and Adjuvant! recurrence risk showed no correlation and few patients were classified as low risk. One reason is that the Oncotype DX recurrence estimates are for distant recurrence only (risk of metastatic disease), while the recurrence estimate given by Adjuvant! is for all causes of recurrence (local, regional, contralateral breast cancer, and distant recurrence). Thus Adjuvant!'s estimates of risk of recurrence are usually higher than those of the Oncotype DX test<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. However, it has been demonstrated that there is an association between Oncotype DX and risk of local or regional recurrence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Because the risk of distant recurrence is closely linked to the risk of death by breast cancer, the most appropriate comparisons are between the risk of breast cancer mortality, as estimated by Adjuvant!, and the risk of distant recurrence, as given by the Oncotype DX test<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. However, when the patients were classified in risk groups using overall survival probabilities calculated by Adjuvant!, the absence of correlation remained.</p>
      <p>The comparison between Adjuvant! and gene signatures assay was performed in three studies, showing that gene expression tests are a more accurate predictor of relapse and overall survival, and that combining it with conventional predictors yields more information<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Standard prognostic criteria have qualitative or subjective components that add variability to risk estimates. Moreover, differences among criteria or their use in different classifiers may result in significantly different risk estimates for the same patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSION</title>
      <p>Standard prognostic criteria showed no correlation with Oncotype DX.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Study carried out at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; HIAE, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil; Centro Paulista de Oncologia &#8211; CPO, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil; Centro de Hematologia, Oncologia e Transplante de Medula &#211;ssea &#8211; Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
      <p>The authors thank Dr. Carlos Henrique Escosteguy Barrios, Dr. Oren Smaletz and Dr. Ren&#233; Gansl for their cooperation in referring patients.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o teste Oncotype DX e crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizados em c&#226;ncer de mama receptor de estrog&#234;nio positivo em est&#225;gio inicial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Roberto Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simon</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; HIAE, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil; Centro Paulista de Oncologia &#8211; CPO, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Autor correspondente: Marcelo Roberto Pereira Freitas &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Molecular do C&#226;ncer &#8211; Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11&#176; andar &#8211; Vila Clementino &#8211; CEP 04039-020 &#8211; S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brasil &#8211;Tel.: <phone>11 5539-6151</phone> &#8211; E-mail: <email>docfreitas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflitos de interesse: n&#227;o h&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar o progn&#243;stico estimado por crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizados e o progn&#243;stico estimado pelo Oncotype DX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 22 pacientes com receptor de estrog&#234;nio positivo, portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama em est&#225;gio inicial que possu&#237;am uma pontua&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel avaliada pelo teste Oncotype DX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O valor Kappa entre o teste Oncotype DX e os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padr&#227;o foi: Adjuvant! (K = 0,091), Adjuvant! (Transbig) (K = 0,182) e <italic>National Comprehensive Cancer Network</italic> (K = 0,091). O teste exato de Fisher n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre Oncotype DX e os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizados n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o teste Oncotype DX.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias da mama/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Perfila&#231;&#227;o de express&#227;o g&#234;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, aproximadamente 65% das mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama invasivo possuem doen&#231;a com linfonodos negativos, &#224; ocasi&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, e &#233; esperado que 85% dessas mulheres estejam vivas e livres de met&#225;stases &#224; dist&#226;ncia ap&#243;s 10 anos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. A quimioterapia nesse grupo de pacientes, especialmente entre as pacientes com receptor de estrog&#234;nio (RE) positivo, tratadas com a terapia hormonal adjuvante, oferece apenas uma modesta melhora na sobrevida de 10 anos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, a maioria das pacientes com tumores pequenos e linfonodos axilares negativos tem indica&#231;&#227;o de quimioterapia adjuvante<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. As atuais diretrizes cl&#237;nicas possuem crit&#233;rios conflitantes para a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o ir&#227;o se beneficiar da quimioterapia. Isso se deve, em grande parte, &#224; nossa capacidade limitada de identificar pacientes individuais que provavelmente n&#227;o ir&#227;o obter benef&#237;cio desse tratamento. Consequentemente, a quimioterapia &#233; oferecida a um grande grupo de pacientes que poderiam ser curadas apenas com o tratamento locorregional e terapia end&#243;crina. M&#233;todos mais precisos de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco poderiam evitar a toxicidade da quimioterapia nessas pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia sist&#234;mica adjuvante leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o risco de recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, o benef&#237;cio estimado da terapia adjuvante, a toxicidade do tratamento e as comorbidades. Os classificadores convencionais do risco incluem as diretrizes da <italic>National Comprehensive Cancer Network</italic> (NCCN), as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do consenso de St. Gallen e o Adjuvant! Online. Esses classificadores estimam o risco de recorr&#234;ncia considerando alguns crit&#233;rios, como as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e histol&#243;gicas. Os dados do estudo cl&#237;nico e a experi&#234;ncia dos m&#233;dicos corroboram o desenvolvimento e as atualiza&#231;&#245;es regulares desses classificadores e alguns estudos mostraram uma capacidade preditiva significativa<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O consenso de especialistas St. Gallen define tr&#234;s categorias de risco de recorr&#234;ncia. O grupo de baixo risco inclui as pacientes com tumores com todas as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: linfonodos axilares negativos, pT &lt; 2 cm, grau 1, aus&#234;ncia de invas&#227;o vascular, RE ou receptor de progesterona (PgR) positivo, HER2 negativo e idade &gt; 35 anos. O grupo de risco intermedi&#225;rio refere-se &#224;s pacientes com linfonodos axilares negativos e pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: pT &gt; 2 cm, grau 2 ou 3, invas&#227;o vascular, HER2 positivo, RE e PgR negativo, idade &lt; 35 anos ou pacientes com 1 a 3 linfonodos positivos e RE e/ou PgR positivo e HER2 negativo. O grupo de alto risco inclui pacientes com 1 a 3 linfonodos positivos e RE e PgR negativos ou HER2 positivo, ou &gt; 4 linfonodos positivos. N&#227;o h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de quimioterapia adjuvante para o grupo de baixo risco e essa modalidade de tratamento sempre deve ser indicada no grupo de alto risco<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da NCCN excluem a quimioterapia para pacientes com tumores bem diferenciados de at&#233; 1 cm e sem caracter&#237;sticas desfavor&#225;veis. Nas pacientes com tumores de mama maiores que 1 cm, linfonodos negativos e receptores hormonais positivos, recomenda-se a terapia end&#243;crina associada &#224; quimioterapia (categoria 1)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Adjuvant! &#233; um programa de computador que estima o risco de recorr&#234;ncia e mortalidade de cada paciente individual, tamb&#233;m fornecendo estimativas dos benef&#237;cios por cada modalidade proposta de terapia adjuvante. Esse programa baseia-se em proje&#231;&#245;es. Em raz&#227;o da multiplicidade de fontes de erro e incerteza de suas intera&#231;&#245;es, Adjuvant! n&#227;o calcula um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para suas estimativas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Esse programa foi validado com uso de registro de tumores da prov&#237;ncia de Columbia Brit&#226;nica, no Canad&#225;. Os resultados obtidos com o atual acompanhamento de 4.083 mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama T1-2, N0-1, M0 foram comparados com a sobrevida geral (SG) prevista de 10 anos e a sobrevida livre de eventos (SLE) para cada paciente. A SG e a SLE estimadas por Adjuvant! foram 71,7 e 71% e os resultados observados foram 72 e 70,1%, respectivamente. Adjuvant! &#233; constantemente aprimorado e atualizado com a publica&#231;&#227;o de novos estudos cl&#237;nicos e est&#225; em sua vers&#227;o 8.0<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, a an&#225;lise da express&#227;o g&#234;nica no c&#226;ncer de mama surgiu como uma ferramenta capaz de refinar o progn&#243;stico e individualizar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do tratamento adjuvante sist&#234;mico. Oncotype DX usa uma rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia de polimerase da transcriptase reversa para quantificar a express&#227;o do mRNA espec&#237;fico de 16 genes do c&#226;ncer e 5 genes de refer&#234;ncia, que foram selecionados com base em seu valor preditivo e progn&#243;stico, em pacientes com linfonodos negativos e RE positivo, tratadas com tamoxifeno. O resultado do teste &#233; expresso em um escore de recorr&#234;ncia (ER).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o desses genes s&#227;o usados para classificar pacientes nas seguintes categorias: baixo risco (ER &lt; 18), risco intermedi&#225;rio (ER &gt; 18 e &lt; 31) e alto risco (ER &gt; 31). As estimativas das taxas de recorr&#234;ncia &#224; dist&#226;ncia, ap&#243;s 10 anos, nos grupos de baixo risco, risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco foram 6,8% (IC95%: 4,0-9,6), 14,3% (IC95%: 8,3-0,3), e 30,5% (IC95%: 23,6-7,4), respectivamente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outra utilidade importante do Oncotype DX &#233; sua capacidade de prever os benef&#237;cios da quimioterapia adjuvante. O ensaio de 21 genes foi realizado em um subconjunto de 651 pacientes do estudo B-20, que randomizou mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama com RE positivos e linfonodos negativos para receberem tamoxifeno durante 5 anos, isoladamente ou em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; quimioterapia com MF ou CMF (M: metotrexato, F: fluoruracil e C: ciclofosfamida). O teste de intera&#231;&#227;o entre o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico e o ER foi estatisticamente significativo. Pacientes com alto ER tiveram um grande benef&#237;cio com a quimioterapia, enquanto aquelas com tumores de baixo ER obtiveram m&#237;nimo ou nenhum benef&#237;cio da quimioterapia. As pacientes com tumores com ER intermedi&#225;rio n&#227;o pareceram obter grandes benef&#237;cios, mas a incerteza da estimativa n&#227;o pode excluir um benef&#237;cio clinicamente importante<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Achados semelhantes foram relatados em outro estudo comparando o tamoxifeno e tamoxifeno + quimioterapia com ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina e fluorouracil, em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausadas com c&#226;ncer de mama com linfonodo positivo e receptor hormonal positivo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Embora realizada retrospectivamente, a valida&#231;&#227;o do Oncotype DX usando um conjunto de dados de estudos cl&#237;nicos coletados prospectivamente, embora coletados de tecidos retrospectivamente no conjunto de dados, pode ser considerado como n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia I para uso nesse ensaio. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Clinical Oncology</italic> para o uso de marcadores tumorais no c&#226;ncer de mama afirmam que o ensaio Oncotype DX pode ser usado para prever o risco de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes tratadas com tamoxifeno, e para identificar as pacientes das quais se espera obter o m&#225;ximo benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico do tamoxifeno adjuvante e que podem n&#227;o necessitar de quimioterapia adjuvante. Os dados atuais s&#227;o insuficientes para comentarmos se essas combina&#231;&#245;es podem ser aplicadas &#224;s terapias hormonais al&#233;m do tamoxifeno, ou se esse ensaio aplica-se a outros esquemas quimioter&#225;picos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es envolvendo o uso de ER na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica s&#227;o classificadas como n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia 2B<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o progn&#243;stico estimado por crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizado e pelo Oncotype DX.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado com dados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes atendidas em tr&#234;s centros m&#233;dicos brasileiros: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein e Centro Paulista de Oncologia, em S&#227;o Paulo (SP), e Centro de Hematologia, Oncologia e Transplante de Medula &#211;ssea em Porto Alegre/ (RS). O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein aprovou o protocolo (0215.0.028.00008) e todas as pacientes forneceram o consentimento informado por escrito para participar do estudo.</p>
          <p>As pacientes eram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o caso tivessem receptores de estrog&#234;nio positivos; c&#226;ncer de mama em est&#225;gio inicial, diagnosticado entre 2006 e 2008, e ER com o m&#233;todo Oncotype DX dispon&#237;vel. Vinte e duas pacientes foram inclu&#237;das neste estudo retrospectivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o com o risco de recorr&#234;ncia estimado por Oncotype DX foi realizada com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de NCCN (alta e baixa) e os crit&#233;rios de St. Gallen (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto).</p>
          <p>Para a compara&#231;&#227;o com Adjuvant! (vers&#227;o 8.0) foram usadas duas estrat&#233;gias: a) o valor obtido com o percentil de risco de recorr&#234;ncia em 10 anos com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos de 5 anos de administra&#231;&#227;o de tamoxifeno, previstos pelo Adjuvant! foi transformado em grupos de risco (baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto), usando o gr&#225;fico de recorr&#234;ncia &#224; dist&#226;ncia do Oncotype DX; b) usando os crit&#233;rios do cons&#243;rcio Transbig, que definem o grupo de baixo risco cl&#237;nico e incluem pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama com probabilidade de sobrevida de 10 anos de pelo menos 88%, se os seus tumores fossem positivos em mais de 1% dos casos para a express&#227;o de RE, considerando o uso de 5 anos de tamoxifeno.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>O teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Kappa de concord&#226;ncia foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>A idade mediana das pacientes foi 52,9 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o de 39 a 79 anos). Todas as pacientes tinham c&#226;ncer de mama com RE positivo e HER2 negativo. Dezenove pacientes (86%) tinham tumores &lt; 2cm, 18 (82%) pacientes n&#227;o tinham envolvimento axilar e quatro pacientes tinham linfonodos positivos (dois casos de micromet&#225;stase e dois casos de macromet&#225;stase). A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com tumores de grau histol&#243;gico 1, 2 e 3 foi de 9, 68 e 23%, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de St. Gallen e NCCN classificam poucas pacientes no grupo de baixo risco. Os crit&#233;rios do cons&#243;rcio Transbig para classificar as pacientes nas categorias de risco previstas por Adjuvant! identificam mais pacientes com baixo risco de usar o percentil de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em cada categoria de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Categoria de risco</th>
                <th align="center">Oncotype DX</th>
                <th align="center">Adjuvant! (percentile de risco)</th>
                <th align="center">Adjuvant! (Transbig)</th>
                <th align="center">St. Gallen</th>
                <th align="center">NCCN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,6</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio/alto</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">86,4</td>
                <td align="center">36,4</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">95,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Valores expressos em %.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizado n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o m&#233;todo Oncotype DX (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>), que foi corroborado pelos resultados do coeficiente Kappa. O valor Kappa entre Oncotype DX e Adjuvant! foi (K = 0,091), Adjuvant! (Transbig) (K = 0,182) e NCCN (K = 0,091).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Oncotype DX e crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Oncotype DX</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center">Baixo</th>
                <th align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio/Alto</th>
                <th align="center">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">Adjuvant!</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio/alto</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">Adjuvant! (Transbig)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0,659</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio/alto</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">NCCN</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;rio/alto</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>NCCN: National Comprehensive Cancer Network.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>O Oncotype DX reclassificou o grupo de risco de um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, mostrando que os classificadores convencionais do risco n&#227;o se correlacionam bem com a an&#225;lise da express&#227;o g&#234;nica. A reclassifica&#231;&#227;o demonstra o importante impacto do Oncotype DX, uma vez que a mudan&#231;a das pacientes da categoria de alto risco para baixo risco reduz o n&#250;mero de pacientes que poderiam ser submetidas &#224; quimioterapia desnecess&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Isso foi mais expressivo com o uso dos crit&#233;rios NCCN e St. Gallen, uma vez que esses classificaram quase todas as pacientes como grupo de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto. O teste Oncotype DX reclassificou 50% das pacientes para a categoria de baixo risco. Dados semelhantes foram apresentados por Paik et al., j&#225; que que 92,1% das 668 pacientes inscritas no estudo NSABP B-14 foram consideradas como risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pelos crit&#233;rios NCCN e St. Gallen, e 50,6% das pacientes classificadas como baixo risco pelo teste Oncotype DX<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A incapacidade dos crit&#233;rios St. Gallen para identificar as pacientes de baixo risco tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada em um estudo que comparou um teste de assinatura de 70 genes (outro teste para an&#225;lise da express&#227;o g&#234;nica) com os crit&#233;rios de St. Gallen. A assinatura de 70 genes leva a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 20 a 30% no n&#250;mero de mulheres que de outra maneira receberiam quimioterapia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O uso dos valores de percentil para compara&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de recorr&#234;ncia com Oncotype DX e Adjuvant! n&#227;o mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o e poucas pacientes foram classificadas como baixo risco. Uma raz&#227;o &#233; a de que as estimativas de recorr&#234;ncia do Oncotype DX s&#227;o apenas para as recorr&#234;ncias &#224; dist&#226;ncia (risco de doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica), ao passo que a estimativa de recorr&#234;ncia proporcionada pelo Adjuvant! &#233; para todas as causas de recorr&#234;ncia (c&#226;ncer de mama local, regional, contralateral e recorr&#234;ncia &#224; dist&#226;ncia). Portanto, as estimativas do risco de recorr&#234;ncia por Adjuvant! s&#227;o, em geral, mais altas do que aquelas do teste Oncotype DX<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Entretanto, demonstrou-se que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre Oncotype DX e o risco de recorr&#234;ncia local ou regional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Como o risco de recorr&#234;ncia &#224; dist&#226;ncia est&#225; intimamente ligado ao risco de morte pelo c&#226;ncer de mama, as compara&#231;&#245;es mais apropriadas s&#227;o aquelas entre o risco de mortalidade pelo c&#226;ncer de mama, como estimado por Adjuvant!, e o risco de recorr&#234;ncia &#224; dist&#226;ncia, proporcionado pelo teste Oncotype DX<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Entretanto, quando as pacientes s&#227;o classificadas em grupos de risco usando as probabilidades de sobrevida global calculadas por Adjuvant!, a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o permanece.</p>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre Adjuvant! e o ensaio de assinaturas g&#234;nicas foi realizada em tr&#234;s estudos, mostrando que os testes de express&#227;o g&#234;nica s&#227;o um preditor mais preciso da recidiva e sobrevida global, e que, combinando-os com os preditores convencionais, podem fornecer maior quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizado possuem componentes qualitativos ou subjetivos que adicionam variabilidade &#224;s estimativas de risco. Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as entre os crit&#233;rios ou seu uso em diferentes classificadores pode resultar em estimativas de risco significativamente diferentes nas mesmas pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios progn&#243;sticos padronizado n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o com Oncotype DX.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Estudo realizado no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; HIAE, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brasil; Centro Paulista de Oncologia &#8211; CPO, S&#227;o Paulo (SP), Brasil; Centro de Hematologia, Oncologia e Transplante de Medula &#211;ssea &#8211; Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
        <p>Os autores agradecem ao Dr. Carlos Henrique Escosteguy Barrios, Dr. Oren Smaletz e Dr. Ren&#233; Gansl pela coopera&#231;&#227;o no encaminhamento de pacientes.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
